1. The effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on osmotically stimulated thirst appreciation and consequent fluid intake was investigated in healthy man. 2. Six seated male subjects were studied on two occasions: synthetic alpha-human atrial natriuretic peptide (99-126) (2 pmol min-1 kg-1) or placebo (saline, 150 mmol/l NaCl) was infused intravenously for 105 min; 30 min after the start of atrial ...

Decreased salivary flow rate causes xerostomia (symptoms of oral dryness) in patients who undergo hemodialysis (HD); however, whether it thus contributes to thirst and excess interdialytic weight gain (IDWG) remains undetermined. In the observational study, 3 mo of data of 90 stable HD patients were collected, and sensations of thirst and xerostomia were assessed by 100-mm visual analog scales ...

Insulin-induced hypoglycemia by unknown mechanism(s) increases plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels in humans. Mechanisms for increased AVP levels during central nervous system glucoprivation were investigated by administering 20-min i.v. infusions of 2-deoxy-d-glucose (50 mg/kg), a competitive inhibitor of glucose utilization, or normal saline (sham), to 24 normal volunteers. Some of the i...

Serial studies were designed to characterized changes in osmoregulation throughout gestation. Eight women underwent a 2-h infusion of hypertonic saline before conception, during gestational weeks 5-8, 10-12, and 28-33, and then 10-12 wk postpartum. Basal plasma osmolality (Posmol) was already significantly decreased by 5-8 wk (P less than 0.001) and remained 10 mosmol.kg-1 below nonpregnant val...

Background: The aim of this clinical study was to reveal the relationship between body dehydration and oral mucosa moisture measured by use a capacitance sensor for epithelial moisture. Methods: following parameters were recorded from each one 19 athletes in one-week period high-intensity exercise at U-23 Triathlon Training Camp summer winter; weight, urine specific gravity, moisture, subjectiv...

The control of goal-directed, instrumental actions by primary motivational states, such as hunger and thirst, is mediated by two processes . The first is engaged by the Pavlovian association between contextual or discriminative stimuli and the outcome or reinforcer presented during instrumental training . Such stimuli exert a motivational influence on instrumental performance that depends upon ...

Behavioral choice is ubiquitous in the animal kingdom and is central to goal-oriented behavior. Hypothalamic Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons are critical regulators of appetite. Hungry animals, bombarded by multiple sensory stimuli, are known to modify their behavior during times of caloric need, rapidly adapting to a consistently changing environment. Utilizing ARCAgRP neurons as an entr...

I secured two pariah dogs, about the size of greyhounds, put them on the ordinary full diet of a patient, and commenced, on the 19th April last, with one minim doses to each dog, three times a day. On the 21st, I gave 2 minims, three times ; on the 23rd, increased it to 3 minims, which I continued to give three times a day until the 1st May. I then increased the dose to five minims, three times...

Two experiments examine preschool-aged children's ability to anticipate physiological states of the self. One hundred and eight 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds were presented with stories and pictorial scenes designed to evoke thought about future states such as thirst, cold, and hunger. They were asked to imagine themselves in these scenarios and to choose one item from a set of three that they would ...