Objective: Prostate cancer accounts for approximately 10% of new cases diagnosed in men worldwide. Toll like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role the progression cancer. Furthermore, expression level TLRs is mediated by different transcription factors and non-coding RNAs. Therefore, aim this study was to investigate potential regulatory MEG3 interaction TLR3 with prostate cells. Materials Metho...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are known to recognize not only pathogen-associated molecular patterns but also danger-associated molecular patterns. Recent studies have characterized the expression levels and functions of TLRs in human epidermal cells. However, the characteristics of TLR family members in human dermal fibroblasts have not been thoroughly studied. Therefore, the present study system...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been identified as key regulators of innate and adaptive immune responses in viral infection. The contribution of the host immune response to sustained virologic response is not clear in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. This study aimed to investigate the expression of TLRs 7 & 8 mRNA in monocytes of patients with chronic (HCV) infection s...

INTRODUCTION Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are caused by different types of microbial agents such as uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) and Candida albicans. The presence of strong physical barriers may prevent the breach of pathogens into the urinary tract. However, sometimes the pathogenic microorganisms may pass through the barriers and stimulate the innate and adaptive responses. Among...

The outcome of sepsis and septic shock has not significantly improved in recent decades despite the development of numerous drugs and supportive care therapies. To reduce sepsis-related mortality, a better understanding of molecular mechanism(s) associated with the development of sepsis and sepsis-related organ injury is essential. There is increasing evidence that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) pl...

Autoimmunity can be triggered by microbial infection. In this context, the discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) provides new insights and research perspectives. TLRs induce innate and adaptive antimicrobial immune responses upon exposure to common pathogen-associated molecules, including lipopeptides, lipopolysaccharides, and nucleic acids. They also have the potential, however, to trigger a...

Synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) spontaneously produces several cytokines, of which a fundamental role in joint inflammation and destruction has been established. However, the factors sustaining this phenomenon remain poorly understood. In a recent report, blockade of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) was found to inhibit the spontaneous release of inflammatory cytokines by ...

B cells and antigen-presenting cells express a group of intracellular Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that recognize nucleic acids and can be accessed only when apoptotic debris or immune complexes are internalized by B-cell receptors or Fc receptors. This results in rapid cell activation and release of inflammatory mediators that perpetuate the autoantibody response. TLR-7 and TLR-9 are required to...

The antiviral innate immune response follows the detection of viral components by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Two families of PRRs have emerged as key sensors of viral infection: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and retinoic acid inducible gene-I like RNA helicases (RLHs). TLRs patrol the extracellular and endosomal compartments; signalling results in a type-1 interferon response and/o...

The recognition of microbial stimuli by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed on dendritic cells (DCs) is essential for the regulation of immune responses. DC activation via TLRs leads to the production of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and surface molecules that play a key role in the regulation and control of inflammatory reactions and adaptive immunity. Minor imbalances in the feedback...