This paper uses a randomized experimental design to evaluate a sanitation intervention that was piloted at scale across rural East Java. The program, known as Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing (TSSM) relies on facilitated sessions that trigger a sense of disgust at open defecation to stimulate collective action to solve current sanitation problems. Its lack of financial assistance to co...

Criteria for the proper design and operation of the bio-toilet have not been established either by the manufacturers or by the authorities. Based on the results of experimental research already reported by us, criteria for the proper design and operation of the bio-toilet system were established. The establishment of operation criteria led to the formulation of an operation scheme where three m...

In many children with enuresis repetitive awakening by an alarm as soon as urination begins will gradually train the brain to exert automatic control over the bladder. The child will eventually either wake up before urination or sleep throughout the night without needing to empty the bladder. Such treatment is accepted as the most successful way of curing bed-wetting and may result in over 80% ...

The development of palaeoparasitology in Japan has occurred in recent decades. Despite the fact that archaeology in Japan has been slow to develop techniques for excavating ancient toilets, important information about the development of sanitation has been derived from the analysis of a few sites. This shows that the earliest people had very simple methods of sanitation. As populations increase...

Early elements in an operant chain of toilet behaviors were trained in three normal infants and five retarded children. Following that, eliminative behaviors were conditioned by operant procedures. Each child was equipped with an auditory signalling device that gave cues to the learner. Baseline behavior was recorded for a period of five days. The procedure for training consisted of two steps. ...