continual heat stress affects approximately 7 million hectares of wheat in developing countries, while terminal heat stress is a problem in 40% of temperate environments, which cover 36 million hectares throughout the world. heat tolerance is a quantitative and complex trait that doesn’t have much success in direct selection. for this purpose, however, a thorough understanding of physiological ...

Opioids are extensively used for the management of both chronic malignant and non malignant pains. One major serious limitation associated with chronic use of opioids is the development of tolerance to its analgesic effect. The effect of Bacopa monnieri, a renowned ayurvedic medicine for acquisition and expression of morphine tolerance in mice, was investigated. Bacopa monnieri, n-Butanol fract...

immune cells in a highly specific fashion to eliminate pathogenic responses while preserving protective immunity. A concept that has tantalized immunologists for decades, the development of tolerance-inducing therapies, would revolutionize the management of a wide range of chronic and often debilitating diseases by obviating the need for lifelong immunosuppressive regimens. The advances of the ...

Organic nitrates are a group of very effective anti-ischemic drugs. They are used for the treatment of patients with stable angina, acute myocardial infarction and chronic congestive heart failure. A major therapeutic limitation inherent to organic nitrates is the development of tolerance, which occurs during chronic treatment with these agents. The mechanisms underlying nitrate tolerance remai...

The age-dependency of opioid analgesia and tolerance has been noticed in both clinical observation and laboratory studies. Evidence shows that many molecular and cellular events that play essential roles in opioid analgesia and tolerance are actually age-dependent. For example, the expression and functions of endogenous opioid peptides, multiple types of opioid receptors, G protein subunits tha...

Respiratory exposure to allergen induces the development of allergen-specific CD4(+) T cell tolerance that effectively protects against the development of allergic-sensitization and T(h)2-biased immunity. The establishment of T cell unresponsiveness to aeroallergens is an active process preceded by a transient phase of T cell activation that requires T cell co-stimulation and is critically infl...

Risk tolerance, identified by scholars over two decades ago as an essential concept in risk communication, has remained understudied without clear conceptual and operational definitions. As the first study developing a multiple-item scale for measuring at-risk publics’ tolerance of different types, this refines conceptualization advances its operationalization setting individual health risks. Q...

Severe pain syndromes reduce quality of life in patients with inflammatory and neoplastic diseases, often because chronic opiate therapy results in reduced analgesic effectiveness, or tolerance, leading to escalating doses and distressing side effects. The mechanisms leading to tolerance are poorly understood. Our studies revealed that development of antinociceptive tolerance to repeated doses ...