Toll-like receptors are the important pattern recognition receptors of innate immune system, which mediate the immunological defence response against pathogen or endogenous damage associated molecules. Recently, more and more researches indicated that Toll-like receptor 2 played vital roles in the pathophysiology of many cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, coronary diseases, car...

Transformational processes in the global and Russian economy serve as a reason for business entities to search new ways of producing goods allowing most efficient use available resources. Toll processing (in international practice – tolling operations) allows expanding sphere agricultural formations and, thus, increasing their effectiveness. The complexity accounting taxation operations toll in...

The Toll-like receptors are the first line of the host response to pathogens, representing an essential component of the innate and adaptive immune response. They recognize different pathogens and trigger responses directed at eliminating the invader and at developing immunologic long-term memory, ultimately affecting viral pathogenesis. In viral infections, sensing of nucleic acids and/or vira...

Background: Toll and Toll-related proteins play an important role in antibacterial innate immunity and are widespread in insects, plants, and mammals. The completion of new genomes such as Anopheles gambiae has provided an avenue for a deeper understanding of Toll evolution. While most evolutionary analyses are performed on protein sequences, here, we present a unique phylogenetic analysis of T...

AIM Cardiac inflammation is important in the pathogenesis of heart failure. However, the consequence of systemic inflammation on concomitant established heart failure, and in particular diastolic heart failure, is less explored. Here we investigated the impact of systemic inflammation, caused by sustained Toll-like receptor 9 activation, on established diastolic heart failure. METHODS AND RES...

In recent years, private industry has been more involved in highway financing and operation. Many countries have started to apply new or improved strategies to promote the development of highway projects using sources other than the State. The most widely used concept is the scheme known as Build-Operate-Transfer (B-O-T). The major problem related to private highway participation is the high fi...

For a tolled highway where consecutive sections allow vehicles enter and exit unrestrictedly, we propose a simple toll pricing method. We show that the method is the unique method that satisfies the classical axioms of Additivity and Dummy in the cost sharing literature, and the axioms of Toll Upper Bound for Local Traffic and Routingproofness. We also show that the toll pricing method is the o...