Two patients in whom consciousness and memory were retained during bilateral clonic or tonic-clonic seizures are reported on, and three patients reported on previously are reviewed. Ictal semiology differed from myoclonic and supplementary motor seizures, which are other seizure types characterised by bilateral motor movements and retained awareness. In the two new patients ictal pain was a pro...

Fenfluramine is an indirect agonist of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors that acts by evoking 5-HT release and blocking 5-HT reuptake in neuronal cells. The current study compared the antinociceptive properties of fenfluramine with those of the tricyclic antidepressants amitriptyline and desipramine in rat models of acute, persistent, and neuropathic pain. In a rat model of neuropathic pain ...

Introduction: Pain as a complex process in central nervous system (CNS) has been studied by many researchers. Pain is controlled by several CNS pathways, one of the most important of which, is the descending noradrenergic system. This system begins from locus coeruleus (LC) nucleus in pons and ends in the spinal cord. In this research, the effect of pain induced by formalin was studied. Met...

introduction: pain as a complex process in the cns has been extensively studied by many researchers. it has been found that pain is controlled by certain pathways in the cns, one of most important of which is the descending noradrenergic system. the pathway begins with locus coeruleus (lc) nucleus and ends in the spinal cord. in this study, formalin test was used as a chemical and tonic pain te...

introduction: pain as a complex process in central nervous system (cns) has been studied by many researchers. pain is controlled by several cns pathways, one of the most important of which, is the descending noradrenergic system. this system begins from locus coeruleus (lc) nucleus in pons and ends in the spinal cord. in this research, the effect of pain induced by formalin was studied. methods...

abstract gaba is a neurotransmitter that is an essential role in the inhibition of pain and gaba signals responsible for chronic pain. parabrachial nucleus is involved in cognitive and emotional aspects of pain. the purpose of this study is to evaluate the inhibitory effect of bicuculline on the fusiform neurons of the parabrachial nucleus on tonic pain model in rats. in this study, 35 male wis...

An association between HLA-DR13 and patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) who progressed towards multifocal or generalized tonic dystonia was recently reported. We now report on a new locus, centromeric in HLA-class I, which was significantly associated with a spontaneous development of CRPS, suggesting an interaction between trauma severity and genetic factors conferring CRPS sus...

Several botanicals, including Crataegus oxycantha, Terminalia arjuna, Inula racemosa, and Astragalus membranaceus, have been found to have therapeutic benefit for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Crataegus oxycantha has been used traditionally as a cardiac tonic and current uses include treatment for angina, hypertension, arrhythmias, and congestive heart failure. Animal studies have al...

We analyzed sexual function in 29 women suffering from focal epilepsy using the Female Sexual Function Index, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory and a battery of laboratory tests were performed to find possible correlations and differences. A total FSFI score lower than the predefined cut-off score was found in 20.7% women and the presence of at least one subtype of sexual dysfun...