one of the difficulties in using absolute altitudes is the separation between the mean open sealevel and geoid. theoretically, geoid is the base level in absolute altitudes, but practically, the mean open sealevel is used as a base level for absolute altitudes. the difference between these two levels is called as the seasurface topography. in this research, it is dealt the mean sea level modeli...

As a new spatial measuring technic developed in 1970s,altimetry was designed to determine the sea surface height based on spatial technology, electronic technology and microwave technology. It also plays an important role in geodesy and oceanography; meanwhile, it can provide all-weather and repetitious measurements in global region for the studying of variation of SSH, earth gravity field, oce...

Past experiences with ERS and Topex/Poseidon altimeter data have shown that rain can significantly alter the quality of altimeter measurements (dynamic heights, significant wave heights, wind speed) [1][2][3][4]. Among all the different atmospheric phenomena which can affect the altimeter measurement, rain is one of the less well understood and at present no reliable correction can be made for ...

Variations in water levels of seasonally ice-covered subarctic lakes are indicators environmental and climatic change. Satellite altimetry enables remote sensing these lakes, but the lake phenology is problematic as radar reflection surfaces include water, snow, ice. Reflection from multiple gives rise to two-peak waveforms across lakes. Misinterpretation altimetric height has caused extracted ...