The pharmacokinetic approach used for the BE assessment of systemically absorbed drugs is not considered appropriate to study the bioavailability (BA) and/or BE of topically applied drugs other than dosage forms such as transdermal patches and other products intended for local application which contain drugs intended for the systemic circulation. Apart from the analytical difficulty of measurin...

Nimodipine and its solvent containing ethanol were tested in a randomized in vivo study by local administration to the outer vessel wall surface of pial arteries and veins in 15 anesthetized cats. Reactions were studied through a cranial window. Diameter variations of 90 arterial and 78 venous vessel segments were continuously analyzed using a multichannel videoangiometer. The solvent alone cau...

Currently, Nasal drug delivery has been recognized as a very promising route for delivery of therapeutic compounds including biopharmaceuticals 1 . Nasal administration is a logical choice for topical nasal treatments such as antihistamines and corticosteroids. The nasal mucosa has also received attention as a viable means of systemic administration of analgesics, sedatives, hormones, cardiovas...

INTRODUCTION A water-in-oil microemulsion is a thermodynamically stable emulsion that has the capacity to 'hide' water-soluble molecules within a continuous oil phase. The very small size of the water droplets within the microemulsion means that these types of formulation can be applied topically to the skin, with the result that peptides and proteins can be delivered effectively into the derma...

Administration of timolol to one eye is associated with a decrease in intraocular pressure in both eyes. To further investigate this effect the contralateral decrease in intraocular pressure was measured in a three arm crossover study using a 0.1 mg dose of timolol given topically to an eye, a 0.1 mg dose of timolol given lingually, and a placebo given topically. Two hours after topical timolol...