Tox1 is the only genetic element identified which controls production of T-toxin, a linear polyketide involved in the virulence of Cochliobolus heterostrophus to its host plant, corn. Previous attempts to induce toxin-deficient (Tox-) mutants, using conventional mutagenesis and screening procedures, have been unsuccessful. As a strategy to enrich for Tox- mutants, we constructed a Tox1+ strain ...

The over use of antibiotics to treat infections in humans and animals made a phenomenon the antibiotic-resistant bacteria. While studies focused find on new but, identification novel antibacterial targets bacteria is very important. By Toxin antitoxin systems this hypothesis could be done, whereas by activation toxin or inactivation an antitoxin, raised kills bacterium. These are attractive tar...

Abstract Background Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems, abundant in prokaryotes, are composed of a toxin gene and its cognate antitoxin. Several toxins implied to affect the physiological state stress tolerance bacteria population. We previously identified chromosomally encoded hok - sok type I TA system Erwinia amylovora , causative agent fire blight disease on pome fruit trees. A high-level inducti...

The host-selective ACT toxin is essential for the pathogenesis of citrus fungal pathogen Alternaria alternata . However, mechanism ACT-toxin gene clusters biosynthesis regulated by still poorly understood. mainly multiple genes located in secondary metabolite cluster. In this study, we reported a transcription regulator ACTR contributes through mediating synthesis ACTS4 alternata. We generated ...

Introduction: The current stage of the seventh cholera pandemic is characterized by emergence novel Vibrio cholerae gene variants, gradually replacing their predecessors and occupying a dominant position in etiology disease. Determining epidemic potential identifying number genetic markers unsuitable for operational analysis. Thus, development method differentiating pathogens based on PCR detec...

Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Ptr) is a causal agent of tan spot in wheat Kazakhstan, as it has been around the world. The pathogen produces host-specific toxins which interact with host sensitivity loci. aim this study was 1) to identify whether selected Kazakhstani isolates P. tritici- repentis possessed Ptr toxin genes ToxA and/or ToxB and 2) varieties resistant HST ToxB. As result analysis ...

Exposure of rats to hyperoxia or to treatment with endotoxin, increases lung manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) gene expression. However, the paths by which these environmental signals are transduced into enhanced MnSOD gene expression are unknown. We now provide evidence that heterotrimeric G proteins are involved in the hyperoxia-induced increase in lung MnSOD gene expression but that per...

Concentrations of antibiotics below the MIC are able to modulate the expression of virulence-associated genes. In this study, the influence of subinhibitory doses of 31 antibiotics on the expression of the gene encoding the staphylococcal alpha-toxin (hla), a major virulence factor of Staphylococcus aureus, was investigated with a novel gene fusion protocol. The most striking observation was a ...

The Clostridium perfringens ε-toxin is an extremely potent toxin associated with lethal toxemias in domesticated ruminants and may be toxic to humans. Intoxication results in fluid accumulation in various tissues, most notably in the brain and kidneys. Previous studies suggest that the toxin is a pore-forming toxin, leading to dysregulated ion homeostasis and ultimately cell death. However, mam...

Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) organisms are obligate parasites of the human upper respiratory tract that can exist as commensals or pathogens. Toxin-antitoxin (TA) loci are highly conserved gene pairs that encode both a toxin and antitoxin moiety. Seven TA gene families have been identified to date, and NTHi carries two alleles of the vapBC family. Here, we have characterized the fu...