Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a noninvasive method to electrically stimulate afferent structures of the human lumbar spinal cord. These are the same neural targets as predominantly activated by epidural implants. Biophysical principles derived from computer simulations contributed to the identification of the directly activated neural structures. These simulations combine fini...

This article assesses the clinical efficacy of established neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) technologies for motor restoration in hemiparesis and provides an overview of evolving technologies. Transcutaneous NMES facilitates motor recovery. However, its impact on physical disability remains uncertain. Transcutaneous NMES also decreases shoulder subluxation, but its effect on shoulder...

conclusions both tens and prf lumbar sympathectomy are promising pain relief treatments for painful dnp. however, prf lumbar sympathectomy seems to have a superior efficacy. further studies with a larger sample size and a longer follow-up period are needed. background painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (dpn) is a long-term complication of type 1 and type 2 diabetes that majorly impacts qual...