نتایج جستجو برای: transmission routes
تعداد نتایج: 276518 فیلتر نتایج به سال:
mined, we observed strong reactivity among sera from patients infected with HIV-1 and weak reactivity of antibodies in sera from blood donors. Despite these considerations, this preliminary study supports the view that HHV-8 is easily transmitted by sexual routes, mostly among homosexual or bisexual men and patients with AIDS. It also emphasizes that HHV-8 circulates among healthy men in São Pa...
Horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) among hospital patients and medical staff has been well documented.1, 2) In most instances, HBV infection simply results in elevated antibody titers to HBV without any clinical symptoms, though fatal, fulminant hepatitis results in rare cases.3) The major route of the horizontal transmission of HBV is contact with infected blood.4) Minor routes...
Identifying the transmission sources and reservoirs of Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) is a long-standing question for pneumococcal epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and vaccine policy. Here we use serotype to identify SP transmission and examine acquisitions (in the same household, local community, and county, or of unidentified origin) in a longitudinal cohort of children and adults from the...
Host populations for the plague bacterium, Yersinia pestis, are highly variable in their response to plague ranging from near deterministic extinction (i.e., epizootic dynamics) to a low probability of extinction despite persistent infection (i.e., enzootic dynamics). Much of the work to understand this variability has focused on specific host characteristics, such as population size and resist...
Hepatitis E is transmitted mainly by water or food, but in industrialized countries, all routes of transmission have not been identified. We describe possible zoonotic transmission of hepatitis E virus that involved direct contact between a pet pig and its owner.
An unprecedented number of Ebola virus infections among healthcare workers and patients have raised questions about our understanding of Ebola virus transmission. Here, we explore different routes of Ebola virus transmission between people, summarizing the known epidemiological and experimental data. From this data, we expose important gaps in Ebola virus research pertinent to outbreak situatio...
Toxoplasma gondii is a highly ubiquitous and prevalent parasite. Despite the cat being the only definitive host, it is found in almost all geographical areas and warm blooded animals. Three routes of transmission are recognised: ingestion of oocysts shed by the cat, carnivory and congenital transmission. In natural populations, it is difficult to establish the relative importance of these route...
Influenza viruses cause annual seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics. It is important to elucidate the stringency of bottlenecks during transmission to shed light on mechanisms that underlie the evolution and propagation of antigenic drift, host range switching or drug resistance. The virus spreads between people by different routes, including through the air in droplets and aerosols, and...
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