Effects of attention on event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were measured when subjects kept sustained attention focused on ring-shaped regions of visual space to detect infrequently presented targets at a given eccentricity. In line with a previous study that employed a trial-by-trial cueing paradigm, no modulations of sensory-evoked P1 and N1 components were found. This suggests that attent...

The paper is concerned with a new instrument, nanobalance, measuring thrust and noise of space micro-thrusters in the range 0-1 mN with submicronewton accuracy. Low-noise micro-thrusters will be essential for upcoming "drag-free" space missions like GOCE, SMART-2, LISA, and Darwin. Nanobalance departs from traditional thrust measuring concepts so as to exploit sensitivity of in-vacuum Fabry-Pér...

We analyze electrostatic deformations of rectangular, annular circular, solid circular, and elliptic micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) by modeling them as elastic membranes. The nonlinear Poisson equation governing their deformations is solved numerically by the meshless local Petrov–Galerkin (MLPG) method. A local symmetric augmented weak formulation of the problem is introduced, and esse...

Materials and methods: In Trial One (2272 pigs), litters were weaned at 12, 15, 18, and 21 days of age. In Trial Two (3456 pigs), litters were weaned at 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, and 22 days of age and categorized into three treatments (15.5, 18.5, and 21.5 days of age). In Trial Two, pigs in each age group were fed one of two nursery feeding programs. Each trial was conducted as a randomized complet...

Human understanding of causation may be grounded in our experience of physical forces in the world. We investigated whether right-handers, who exert greater force with their right than left hands, judge candidate causes on the right side as more causal. In two experiments, subjects simultaneously learned about a moderately effective and an ineffective cause on a trial-by-trial basis. Subjects r...

The authors examined whether the visual field-specific endpoint bias of mirror-symmetrical reaching movements (i.e., antipointing) is related to top-down decoupling of the normal spatial relations between target and response (i.e., visuomotor inhibition) or the inversion of target coordinates to a mirror-symmetrical location (i.e., vector inversion). Participants completed pro- and antipointing...

A new adaptive finite element method for solving the Stokes equations is developed, which is shown to converge with the best possible rate. The method consists of 3 nested loops. The outermost loop consists of an adaptive finite element method for solving the pressure from the (elliptic) Schur complement system that arises by eliminating the velocity. Each of the arising finite element problems...

Categorization is a cornerstone of perception and cognition. Computationally, categorization amounts to applying decision boundaries in the space of stimulus features. We designed a visual categorization task in which optimal performance requires observers to incorporate trial-to-trial knowledge of the level of sensory uncertainty when setting their decision boundaries. We found that humans and...

It is well known that even under identical task conditions, there is a tremendous amount of trial-to-trial variability in both brain activity and behavioral output. Thus far the vast majority of event-related potential (ERP) studies investigating the relationship between trial-to-trial fluctuations in brain activity and behavioral performance have only tested a monotonic relationship between th...

The article shows that the modern educational discourse is shifting from discussing conditions for achieving academic results to analyzing implementation of learning and, more broadly, life children and adolescents at school. question raised about importance taking into account socio-pedagogical formation independence in schoolchildren. Independence considered as most important non-objective re...