background in 2004, the health system in iran initiated an organizational reform aiming to increase the autonomy of teaching hospitals and make them more decentralized. the policy led to the formation of a board of trustees in each hospital and significant modifications in hospitals’ financing. since the reform aimed to improve its predecessor policy (implementation of hospital autonomy began i...

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When do elections induce politicians to act as delegates, and when do they induce them to act as trustees? To answer this question, we develop a model of political accountability in which politicians vary in both their policy preferences and their competence. We show that elections are more likely to induce politicians to behave as trustees when uncertainty about incumbent policy preferences is...

In 1851-2 the Trustees of the Reid bequest at the University of Edinburgh undertook an investigation into music education. Concerned that the funds which supported the Chair of Music should be spent as efficiently and effectively as possible, they consulted professional and academic musicians in search of new forms of teaching music at university level. The investigation itself, and the resulti...

tection and the expansion of provincial health information systems provided the optimal context for developing health information access and privacy legislation. Manitoba’s Personal Health Information Act (PHIA) was thus enacted on December 11, 1997. PHIA was the first law of its kind in Canada and was developed with a view to interpreting internationally accepted fair information principles fo...

In: Computer Security { ESORICS 96, volume 1146 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 33 { 43, Springer-Verlag, 1996. Abstract. Anonymity of the participants is an important requirement for some applications in electronic commerce, in particular for payment systems. Because anonymity could be in con ict with law enforcement, for instance in cases of blackmailing or money laundering, it has ...

For several years, reports from the Trustees of the Social Security system have warned us that at the current rate of benefits and given the current age structure of our population, the Social Security system will go broke sometime between 2038 and 2042. To address Social Security Trustees’ concerns, President Bush, in his postelection speech, reported that one of the legacies of his administra...

Preamble In December of 1998, the Board of Trustees issued a position statement (see attached) that the American Psychiatric Association opposes any psychiatric treatment, such as "reparative" or conversion therapy, which is based upon the assumption that homosexuality per se is a mental disorder or based upon the a priori assumption that a patient should change his/her sexual homosexual orient...

In the global trucking industry, vertical collaboration between shippers and carriers is attained by intermediaries, called brokers. Brokers organize for a shipper in accordance with its quality price requirements, support to collaborate horizontally sharing large distribution order from shipper. also act as trustees, preventing passing of private information any party others. Despite these ben...