Warming of the North Atlantic Ocean from the 1950s to 2012 is analyzed on neutral density surfaces and vertical levels in the upper 2000 m. Three reanalyses and two observational data sets are compared. The net gain of 5 × 1022 J in the upper 2000 m is roughly 30% of the global ocean warming over this period. Upper ocean heat content (OHC) is dominated in most regions by heat transport converge...

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness of the United States Commercial Fishing Industry Vessel Safety Act of 1988 in reducing the high occupational death rate (200/100,000/year in 1991-2) among Alaska's commercial fishermen. METHODS Comprehensive surveillance of deaths in commercial fishing was established by our office during 1991 and 1992 for Alaska. Demographic data and data on risk fact...

AIM We aimed to investigate the importance of early diagnosis and proper management of paradoxical herniation based on the data of 13 patients who had 14 occurrences of paradoxical herniation. MATERIAL AND METHODS The characteristics and the effectiveness of treatments of 13 patients with paradoxical herniation were reviewed and analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS Paradoxical herniation occur...

[1] Deep-ocean circulation may be a significant factor in determining climate. Here, we describe two long, fully coupled atmosphere-ocean simulations with the National Center for Atmospheric Research Climate System Model for the Late Cretaceous (80 Ma). Our results suggest that higher levels of atmospheric CO2 and the altered paleogeography of the Late Cretaceous resulted in a surface ocean sta...

Massive objects sinking within galaxies or dark matter haloes via dynamical friction will exchange momentum with central particles, ejecting them from the cusp and reducing the density of the inner region. We explore parameter space using numerical simulations and give empirical relations for the size of the resulting core within structures that have different initial cusp slopes. We show that ...

[1] Drifting cylindrical traps and the flux proxy Th indicate more than an order of magnitude higher sinking fluxes of particulate carbon and 234Th in January 2009 than measured by a time‐series conical trap used regularly on the shelf of the west Antarctic Peninsula (WAP). The higher fluxes measured in this study have several implications for our understanding of the WAP ecosystem. Larger sink...

Diatoms are key players in the global carbon cycle and most aquatic ecosystems. Their cell sizes impact carbon sequestration and energy transfer to higher trophic levels. We report fundamental differences in size distributions of marine and freshwater diatoms, with marine diatoms significantly larger than freshwater species. An evolutionary game theoretical model with empirical allometries of g...

Explaining the origins and maintenance of cooperation in nature is a key challenge in evolutionary biology. A recent study demonstrates two novel mechanisms through which the natural ecology of sinking ocean aggregates--colloquially called 'marine snow' - promotes cooperation.

Large caisson constructed in the soft soil layer is prone to rapid sinking during process. Rapid often accompanied by partial sinking, which affects construction safety and subsequent construction. There no relevant early warning mechanism for of sinking. This paper takes a large land deep silt as an example, analysis through earth pressure settlement rate process, proposes mechanism. Before at...

The Ganges–Brahmaputra Delta is one of several delta regions around the world that is sinking as the weight of its cities and industries combines with overextraction of natural resources from soft sedimentary deposits.