The study investigates differences between three most widely used methods in voice training and therapy: Phonation into a resonance tube with the outer end in the air or submerged 2–10 cm in water (‘water resistance therapy’ with bubbling effect), and phonation into a very thin straw. One female speech trainer served as subject. Acoustic and electroglottographic (EGG) signals, and both mean and...

In the present study, an experimental study is carried out to investigate the effect of adding Al and Cu nanoparticles to the base fluid (water) on the heat transfer rate in a spirally coiled tube. The spirally coiled tube is fabricated from the straight copper tube with the inner and outer coil diameters of 100 and 420 mm, respectively. The experiments have been done for water and two types of...

The steady state solutions of two mathematical models are used to evaluate Münch's pressure-flow hypothesis of phloem translocation. The models assume a continuous active loading and unloading of translocate but differ in the site of loading and unloading and the route of water to the sieve tube. The dimensions of the translocation system taken are the average observed values for sugar beet and...

Aim The etiology behind abnormal development of the neural tube during embryonic life is not well understood. The evidence for associations of environmental cause and genes remains controversial. However recent analysis suggests excessive corresponding risks at environmental exposure levels and involvement of genes. Methods We analyzed the research on developmental defects of neural tube and de...

BACKGROUND In 2011, a multidisciplinary team investigated two diarrhoea outbreaks affecting urban Bangladeshi communities from the districts of Bogra and Kishorganj to identify etiology, pathways of transmission, and factors contributing to these outbreaks. METHODS We defined case-patients with severe diarrhoea as residents from affected communities admitted with ≥3 loose stools per day. We l...

This experimental study investigated the back pressure (Pback) versus flow (U) relationship for 10 different tubes commonly used for semi-occluded vocal tract exercises, that is, eight straws of different lengths and diameters, a resonance tube, and a silicone tube similar to a Lax Vox tube. All tubes were assessed with the free end in air. The resonance tube and silicone tube were further asse...