Vaccination with irradiated tumor cells genetically modified to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF tumor vac cine) Induces a potent systemic antitumor immUnity. To develop a proto eel for cancer therapy to further augment the host immune response, we examined the effects of the GM-CSF tumor vaccines simultaneously pro ducing additional cytokines. We prepared cancer...

Immunotherapy as an option of treatment in cancer has experienced an important development with the inclusion of vaccines. In lung cancer this type of treatment has emerged and vaccines can be classified in three groups: antigen-specific vaccines, tumor cell vaccines, and dendritic cell vaccines. Emepepimut (L-BLP25) and MAGE-A3 have been the vaccines most widely studied. Their promising result...

Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that play a critical role in the induction of antitumor immunity. Therefore, various strategies have been developed to deliver tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) to DCs as cancer vaccines. The fusion of DCs and whole tumor cells to generate DC-tumor fusion cells (DC-tumor FCs) is an alternative strategy to treat cancer patients. The...

Induction of tumor-specific immunity is an attractive approach to cancer therapy, however to date every major pivotal trial has resulted in failure. While the phenomena of tumor-mediated immune suppression has been known for decades, only recently have specific molecular pathways been elucidated, and for the first time, rationale means of intervening and observing results of intervention have b...

With its vast amount of uncharacterized and characterized T cell epitopes available for activating CD4⁺ T helper and CD8⁺ cytotoxic lymphocytes simultaneously, whole tumor antigen represents an attractive alternative source of antigens as compared to tumor-derived peptides and full-length recombinant tumor proteins for dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy. Unlike defined tumor-derived peptid...

Concerted efforts of tumor immunologists over more than two decades contributed numerous well-defined tumor antigens, many of which were promptly developed into cancer vaccines and tested in animal models and in clinical trials. Encouraging results from animal models were seldom recapitulated in clinical trials. The impediment to greater success of these vaccines has been their exclusive use fo...

An experimental approach to the immunoprophylatic control of feline oncornavirus-mediated diseases has included induction of antivirus immunity and antibodies to the feline oncornavirus-associated membrane (tumor) antigens. A suitable model for exploring the effectiveness of killed oncornavirus vaccines in the cat has been provided by the use of feline sarcoma virus. Immunization of seven pregn...

Vaccines are a promising but still experimental treatment for melanoma. They are intended to stimulate immune responses against melanoma and by so doing, increase resistance against and slow the progression of this cancer. Key requirements for vaccines to be effective are that they contain antigens that can stimulate tumor-protective immune responses and that some of these antigens are present ...

Vaccines derived from totally synthetic carbohydrate antigens have been shown to elicit an immune response in both preclinical and clinical settings. The vaccines have been proven safe when administered in human clinical trials and are also competent at inducing antibodies that react with aberrant cells expressing the corresponding carbohydrate antigen. The most well studied vaccines have hithe...

The advent of immunotherapy has revolutionized the treating modalities cancer. Cancer vaccine, aiming to harness host immune system induce a tumor-specific killing effect, holds great promises for its broad patient coverage, high safety, and combination potentials. Despite promising, clinical translation cancer vaccines faces obstacles including lack potency, limited options tumor antigens adju...