When a tunnel number one manifold M admits a hyperbolic structure, there is a unique geodesic arc in the homotopy class of . If runs between distinct boundary components, Adams showed that its geodesic representative has bounded length, when measured in the complement of a maximal horoball neighborhood of the cusps. He asked a question about the more general picture: does an unknotting tunnel i...

This report considers 2-regions of grid cubes and proposes an algorithm for calculating the number of tunnels of such a region. The graph-theoretical algorithm proceeds layer by layer; a proof of its correctness is provided, and its time complexity is also given.

a = speed of sound e = integrated amplification ratio for a linear instability, usually from location of first instability to transition k = roughness height Mw = Mach number at the nozzle wall, at the boundarylayer edge M1 = Mach number in the freestream N factor = ln A=A0, the linear-theory amplification ratio from onset of instability A0 usually to measured transition A Pmean = mean pitot pr...

Previous studies identified roads as a source of habitat fragmentation and mortality for amphibians in Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta, Canada, thus reducing the effects of roads became an important management issue. Vehicle traffic resulted in appreciable mortality of the Linnet Lake population of long-toed salamanders when adult and juvenile animals moved between this breeding site and ...

DNS queries represent one of the most common forms of network traffic, and likely the least blocked by sites. As such, DNS provides a highly attractive channel for attackers who wish to communicate surreptitiously across a network perimeter, and indeed a variety of tunneling toolkits exist [7, 10, 13–15]. We develop a novel measurement procedure that fundamentally limits the amount of informati...

Tunnels and channels facilitate the transport of small molecules, ions and water solvent in a large variety of proteins. Characteristics of individual transport pathways, including their geometry, physico-chemical properties and dynamics are instrumental for understanding of structure-function relationships of these proteins, for the design of new inhibitors and construction of improved biocata...

Animals produce a variety of structures to modify their environments adaptively. Such structures represent extended phenotypes whose development is rarely studied. To begin to rectify this, we used micro-computed tomography (CT) scanning and time-series experiments to obtain the first high-resolution dataset on the four-dimensional growth of ant nests. We show that extrinsic features within the...

This paper displays how to derive the factors of Ubiquitous Sensor Network (hereafter, USN) technology that comprise inspection, plan, construction and maintenance ahead of launching construction of intercity highways that are the key to civil constructions for urbanization. And it also shows the plan of USN technologies currently adopted in each process of construction areas, grouped into Tunn...

Tunnel accident is apt to become a serious disaster when it occurs. But tunnel construction is being increased rapidly in Korea because tunnel has advantages and usefulness. According to Korean Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, total length of road tunnels was extended from 150 km to 648 km for last decade (333% increased). On the other hand there are several tunnels aged about ...