The seismic behaviour of underground structures is generally satisfactory compared to the above-ground ones. However, despite of the buried structure confinement, in recent strong seismic events some underground structure as tunnels, pipelines and tanks suffered high damage; for this reason, a strong effort is focused to evaluate the seismic vulnerability of these structure and to give codes in...

The global energy shortage has revived the interest in hydroelectric power, but extreme geological condition always pose challenges to the construction of hydroelectric power stations with large underground caverns. To solve the problem of safe design of large underground caverns, a Chinese-style intelligent stability design, representing recent developments in Chinese techniques for the constr...

Underground pipelines constitute one of the most important ways to transport large amounts of fluid (e.g. oil and water) through long distances. However, existing leakage detection techniques do not work well in monitoring the underground pipelines due to the harsh underground environmental conditions. In this paper, a new solution, the magnetic induction (MI)-based wireless sensor network for ...

The wide adoption of underground mining has contributed immensely to the rapid growth of the countries’ economy, job creation, gross domestic product, fixed capital formation, gross investment and merchandise exports on an enormous global scale. At the same time, the tedious and dangerous nature of underground mining makes it vulnerable to mine accidents and disasters, such as the fall of loose...

The implementation of underground distribution lines has grown significantly over the last decades due to the rapid increase of electric energy demand. But, the life of underground lines is determined by strong single or multiple stresses, developed during manufacturing and operation. Establishing and predicting the end of life of a distribution underground line is a task for researchers, desig...

The availability of data for the size of the “Underground Economy” is important for macroeconomic policy. We use fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic to construct an annual time-series for the (unobservable) New Zealand underground economy over the period 1968 to 1994. Two input variables are used – the effective tax rate and an index of the degree of regulation. The resulting underground economy t...

This paper presents an underground navigation app “mUvi”. For the indoor navigation of underground users, it only exploits the information from the environment of the user, collected by the internal sensors of the user’s smartphone. Based on an experimental study on the use of smartphone sensors for underground navigation the mobile app uses a combination of microphone and two additional sensor...

This paper proposes a unified evaluation method for multiple reading support systems such as a sentence translation system and a word translation system. In reading a non-native language text, these systems aim to lighten the reading burden. When we evaluate the performance of these systems, we cannot rely solely on these tests, as the output forms are different. Therefore, we must assess the p...

The author gives a brief historical tour of theoretical tile selfassembly via chronological sequence of reports on selected topics in the field. The goal is to provide context and motivation for the these results and the field more broadly. Introduction. This tour covers only a subset of the research topics in theoretical tile self-assembly, listed chronologically according to the most intense ...

In order to maximize online reading performance and comprehension, how should a designer choose typographical variables such as font size and font type? This paper presents an eye tracking study of how font size and font type affect online reading. In a between-subjects design, we collected data from 82 subjects reading stories formatted in a variety of point sizes, san serif, and serif fonts. ...