Modern macroscopic electromagnetism employs four differential equations containing four vector fields, a source charge density, and a source current density. Two of the four fields (i.e., Ẽ (x, t) and B̃ (x, t)) are primitive fields, while the remaining two (i.e., D̃ (x, t) and H̃ (x, t)) are induction fields. Unlike the primitive fields, the induction fields do not have microscopic existence and ...

‎We consider the oscillator group equipped with‎ ‎a biinvariant Lorentzian metric‎. ‎Some geometrical properties of this space and the harmonicity properties of left-invariant vector fields on this space are determined‎. ‎In some cases‎, ‎all these vector fields are critical points for the energy functional‎ ‎restricted to vector fields‎. ‎Left-invariant vector fields defining harmonic maps are...

Grammatical inference – used successfully in a variety of fields such as pattern recognition, computational biology and natural language processing – is the process of automatically inferring a grammar by examining the sentences of an unknown language. Software engineering can also benefit from grammatical inference. Unlike these other fields, which use grammars as a convenient tool to model na...

Coreference analysis, also known as record linkage, object consolidation or identity uncertainty, is a difficult and important problem in natural language processing, databases, citation matching and many other tasks. This paper introduces several discriminative, conditional-probability models for coreference analysis, all examples of undirected graphical models. Unlike many historical approach...

the philosophy of kalam science is an external view about kalam that focuses on conceptual and confirmative principles like: definition, subject, the origins of emanation, approaches, historical stages, and other general criteria. from martyr motahharii’s point of view the function of kalam, as a completely islamic knowledge is the clarification of islamic proofs and defense of religious misgiv...