The electrical conductivity of stream water draining from an unmanaged and undisturbed control watershed has been increasing rather steadily, about 0.03 mS m-1 yr-1, since 1971. During this period, NO~ and Ca 2÷ concentrations increased and were shown to mathematically account for the ionic contribution to conductivity; therefore, they are believed to be primarily responsible for the increase. ...

Article history: Received Received in revised form Accepted Available online

is not a guarantor of lessened risk; diverse, multiple-species stands themselves are not immune to devastating attack by introduced pests, a situation likely to increase in frequency as a result of globalization of trade in timber products. Often the practices associated with intensive management are the causes of insect and disease problems. For example, the desire to maximize wood production ...

Several groundwater experts have recently observed that groundwater in developing countries is by and large being left unmanaged (e.g. Katar Singh 1995; Van Steenbergen 1997). They have repeatedly deplored the absence of effective regulatory mechanisms. Nevertheless, a consensus now seems to be growing that groundwater is too valuable to be left unmanaged ; law and administration are needed to ...

More than 100 species of vertebrates in the Pacific Northwest use standing dead trees (snags) at one time or another in their lifecycle (Thomas et al. 1979a, Neitro et al. 1985). With few exceptions, investigators have found significant correlations between snag density and the abundance of primary cavity-nesters in North American coniferous forests (Raphael and White 1984:47-53, Madsen 1985, Z...

Atmospheric nitrogen deposition is anticipated to increase over the next decades with possible implications for future forest-atmosphere interactions. Increased soil N2O emissions, depressed CH4 uptake and depressed soil respiration CO2 loss is considered a likely response to increased N deposition. This study examined fluxes of N2O, CH4 and CO2 over two growing seasons from soils in unmanaged ...

Significant increases in tree mortality due to drought-induced physiological stress have been documented worldwide. This trend is likely to continue with increased frequency and severity of extreme drought events in the future. Therefore, understanding the factors that influence variability in drought responses among trees will be critical to predicting ecosystem responses to climate change and...

Significant cocoa production in the municipality of Waslala, Nicaragua, began in 1961. Since the 1980s, its economic importance to rural smallholders increased, and the region now contributes more than 50% of national cocoa bean production. This research aimed to assist local farmers to develop production of high-value cocoa based on optimal use of cacao biodiversity. Using microsatellite marke...

Abstract Forests are one of the most important components global carbon cycle. Consequently, forest protection as a nature-based climate solution has garnered increasing interest. Protected areas instated to safeguard biodiversity provide an opportunity maximize storage in situ, with co-benefits between conservation and change mitigation. However, changing disturbance regimes put this function ...