This article attempts to place dependency annotation options on a solid theoretical and applied footing. By verifying the validity of some basic choices of the current dependency reference framework, Universal Dependencies (UD), in a perspective of general annotation principles, we show how some choices can lead to inconsistencies and discontinuities, partly due to UD’s alternation between synt...

This article explores the failure of urban renewal in Bombay city during the ®rst quarter of the twentieth century. It shows how colonial rule structured a class-driven process of uneven urban `improvements' that actually exacerbated the problems of congestion, bad housing and environmental blight. In this process, the new forces of modernity were selectively appropriated to accentuate the diff...

For ecological economic evaluation based on the unified biophysical matrix this research illustrates an updated emergy synthesis in terms of embodied cosmic exergy instead of embodied solar energy, which successes the foundation of systems ecological theory but changes the starting point for the estimation from simply the sun to the cosmos. According to the modified definition implicating expli...

This paper explores the development of an integrated urban-ecological simulation framework by linking two lines of urban and ecological simulation modeling. We propose a framework for linking the UrbanSim Model and the Urban Ecosystem Model, and describe the structure of the proposed approach. The model is object-oriented and links urban actors to ecological processes through a disaggregate spa...

This paper describes an experiment to compare the speed and success with which subjects from different language and cultural backgrounds read and make productive use of learners' dictionary entries. Two groups of subjects, one from Malaysia and the other from Portugal, produced sentences using given target words, with optional access to dictionary information. Computers monitored their behaviou...

The present article describes the conversion of the Catalan and Spanish AnCora treebanks to the Universal Dependencies formalism. We describe the conversion process and assess the quality of the resulting treebank in terms of parsing accuracy by means of monolingual, cross-lingual and cross-domain parsing evaluation. The converted treebanks show an internal consistency comparable to the one sho...

Urban regeneration is usually defined as a structural and functional change of a certain part of the city powered by individual (corporate) or state initiatives. Many times the question what to regenerate, where and how to regenerate, remains unanswered. We will address the problem of the “sudden appearance” of new actors in urban politics and their growing influence on urban rehabilitation. Th...

Over the past two decades, hyperspectral remote sensing from airborne and satellite systems has been used as a data source for numerous applications. Hyperspectral imaging is quickly moving into the mainstream of remote sensing and is being applied to remote sensing research studies. Hyperspectral remote sensing has great potential for analysing complex urban scenes. However, operational applic...

The Universal Dependencies (UD) project aims to develop a consistent annotation framework for treebanks across many languages. In this paper we present the UD scheme for Afrikaans and we describe the conversion of the AfriBooms treebank to this new format. We will compare the conversion to UD to the conversion of related syntactic structures in typologically similar languages.