INTRODUCTION The close anatomical relationship between the skeletal and connective systems of the pelvis, neurological, and vascular structures and pelvic organs are predisposing factors for structural and functional damages of the urogenital system. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed PUBMED and MEDLINE search using terms "pelvic ring trauma/disruption, bladder injury, urethral injury, sexual...

Hypospadias, when the urethral opening is located on the ventral side of the penis, is one of the most common congenital malformations with an incidence of 3 per 1000 males. Hypospadias is considered a complex trait caused by several genetic and environmental factors; low birth weight, for example, is associated with an increased risk for hypospadias. Most cases of hypospadias are sporadic but ...

Striated muscle associated with the female urethra and vagina constitute a continuous mass which appropriately may be called the urogenital sphincter. Though continuous, the muscle may be separated into two parts--one that surrounds the urethra, and the other surrounding the urethra and vagina. The individual muscle fibers are small and are embedded in connective tissue and infiltrated with smo...

Early delivery and low birth weight are strong predictors of the urogenital anomalies cryptorchidism (undescended testis) and hypospadias. Understanding these associations may lead to important etiologic clues. Therefore, the authors revisited the prevailing hypotheses regarding fetal growth restriction as a risk factor for urogenital anomalies. They studied a population of 934,538 Danish boys ...

blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome is a rare disorder that is characterized by multiple recurrent vascular malformations of skin and gastrointestinal tract . the affected patients may present with diverse manifestations including iron deficiency anemia. we report this syndrome in a 22-year-old man that was referred to our hospital for iron deficiency anemia with unknown cause and vascular malforma...

Advances in treating infertile couples by assisted reproductive technologies (ART) over more than three decades have greatly improved the chances of better outcomes. While twinning and higher order multiple birth rates are still high in most countries, lower rates have sometimes been achieved by single-embryo transfer. Multiple preg- Abstracts of the 12th Royan International Congress on Reprodu...

background and aims: primary infections of rubella and human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) can lead to severe complications in pregnancy. the screening of rubella and hcmv in pregnant women is not routinely carried out in iran. this cross sectional study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of hcmv and rubella infections in neonates with and without congenital defects. materials and methods: this s...

The British Menopause Society Council aims to aid health professionals to inform and advise women about postreproductive health. This guidance refers to the long-term condition of urogenital atrophy. Treatment choice should be based on up to date information and targeted to individual women's needs. Non-estrogen and estrogen-based treatments are discussed.