in the holy quran, due to various factors, word or phrase will take different features. and this makes commentators and translators have multiple understandings from a special verse. then in the holy quran beside verses with definite meaning and implication we encounter verses that for some factors we will face various possibilities in their meaning. so that none of the commentators and pundits...

A puzzling observation, first noted in Austin 1956, is that the syntactic position of an adverb can affect the meaning of a sentence. (1) a. Clumsily he trod on the snail. (Austin 1956) b. He trod on the snail clumsily. (2) a. Cleverly, John dropped his cup of coffee. (Jackendoff 1972) b. John dropped his cup of coffee cleverly. (3) a. Louisa rudely departed. (McConnell-Ginet 1982) b. Louisa de...

This article raises questions about the meaning of “meaning,” which often is understood in terms of the referent or interpretant (sense) of mathematical signs. In this study, which uses data from an interview study with scientists who were asked to read graphs from their own work, a different approach is proposed with the intent to contribute toward a more appropriate theory of meaning. I argue...

We describe an approach to classifying word senses and semantic roles that focuses on the entailments that can be drawn from sentences. A key observation is that entailments arise from sentences, not word senses, and by taking a compositional approach to deriving entailments, we can significantly simplify the number of senses that are required. In addition, we argue that most uses of semantic r...

Overview: During Phase I of the TIPSTER program, HNC developed a unique approach to machine learning of similarity of meaning. This approach, embodied in a system called "MatchPlus", exploits this learned similarity of meaning for concept-based text retrieval, routing and visualization of textual information. MatchPlus uses an information representation scheme called "context vectors" to encode...

What are the limits of unconscious language processing? Can language circuits process simple grammatical constructions unconsciously and integrate the meaning of several unseen words? Using behavioural priming and electroencephalography (EEG), we studied a specific rule-based linguistic operation traditionally thought to require conscious cognitive control: the negation of valence. In a masked ...

INTRODUCTION Extended transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy is a state-of-the-art tool for prostate cancer detection. Nevertheless, approximately 1/3 of cancers are missed when using this method and repeat biopsy sessions are often required. The aim of this study was to investigate how sampling density (a compound variable reflecting the number of biopsy cores and prostate volume) impac...

Situated models of meaning ground words in the non-linguistic context, or situation, to which they refer. Applying such models to sports video retrieval requires learning appropriate representations for complex events. We propose a method that uses data mining to discover temporal patterns in video, and pair these patterns with associated closed captioning text. This paired corpus is used to tr...

Automatic understanding of the intended meaning of computer programs is a very hard problem, requiring intelligence and reasoning. In this paper we evaluate a program analysis method, called symbol elimination, that uses firstorder theorem proving techniques to automatically discover non-trivial program properties. We discuss implementation details of the method, present experimental results, a...