Individuals in groups are often thought to scan their surroundings for threats independently of one another. Models, however, suggest that foragers should monitor the vigilance level of their neighbours to prevent cheating, and to gather information about incipient predation risk. Evidence for monitoring of vigilance is scant. Here, I examined changes in vigilance levels in sleeping gulls (Laru...

Background: Different levels of brain arousal can be delineated not only during sleep but also during wakefulness. Electroencephalography (EEG) is the gold standard to assess different levels of brain arousal. A novel EEGand electrooculography (EOG)-based tool, the Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig (VIGALL 2.0), allows determining the level of EEG-vigilance (indicating brain arousal). Considering the...

Based on the premise that psi information is initially processed at an unconscious level, parapsychologists have repeatedly drawn parallels between subliminal perception and extrasensory perception. For instance, defensiveness resistance to, or distortion of, unpleasant or threatening information has been considered to affect both subliminal and extrasensory perception. This thesis reviews stud...

Sex ratios of giraffe groups differ in different habitats, with open vegetation having female­ biased groups, and tall, thick vegetation having male-biased groups. On a ranch in south-central Kenya, we quantified habitat differences of male and female giraffe groups and showed that the preference for open habitats by female groups was limited to groups with young. We suggest that this differenc...

This article echoes recent calls for public management research to focus on core questions and utilize multiple methods to advance the state of knowledge in the field. In this article, we call for more experimental research on the public/private distinction, which is a core public management research topic. We then conduct a pilot experimental study that provides new insights—and what seem to b...

— This paper presents a representation method of facial expression changes using Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) networks. Our method extracts orientation selectivity of Gabor wavelets on ART networks, which are unsupervised and self-organizing neural networks that contain a stability-plasticity tradeoff. The classification ability of ART is controlled by a parameter called the attentional vigi...

A model of cortical lea.rning is proposed, \vhieh incorpora.tes supervised feedback using two forms of attention: (i) feature-specific attention which allmvs the nct.vwrk to learn associations between specific feature conjunctions (or categories) and out.puts, and (ii) nonspecific att.entionaJ "vigilance'' which biases this learning when the associations appear to be incorrect. Attentional vigi...