By using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), we visualized viral RNA of human rhinovirus type 2 (HRV2) during its entry into HeLa cells. RNA uncoating of HRV2 is entirely dependent on low endosomal pH (< or =5.6). When internalized into cells treated with bafilomycin, which results in neutralization of the endosomal pH, no FISH signal was recorded, whereas in the absence of the drug, fluo...

The development of prophylactic vaccines remains largely empirical in nature and rarely have general rules been applied in the strategic decision and the formulation of a viral vaccine. Currently, there are a total of 15 virus agents from 12 unique virus families with vaccines licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Extensive structural information on these viral particles and potent...

Vaccine approaches to infectious diseases are widely applied and appreciated. Amongst them, vectors based on recombinant viruses have shown great promise and play an important role in the development of new vaccines. Many viruses have been investigated for their ability to express proteins from foreign pathogens and induce specific immunological responses against these antigens in vivo. General...

A high-density fraction of high-molecular-weight DNA was isolated from the human lymphoid cell line Raji. This cell line contains 50 to 60 virus genome equivalents of Epstein-Barr virus DNA per cell, and the high-density DNA fraction was 10-fold enriched in such viral sequences. Sedimentation analysis on neutral glycerol gradients, followed by hybridization experiments with viral complementary ...

INTRODUCTION To date there has been no statistical evaluation of the profiles of immunoglobulin classes and viral replication as variables in the study of HTLV-1 infection and circulation among families in virus-endemic areas of Colombia. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the correlation of several immunological and molecular characteristics with the transmission and circulation of HTLV-1 among families ...

We have investigated the molecular basis for the in vivo selective advantage of a hepatitis B virus (HBV) mutant. We have determined the complete nucleotide sequences of the major HBV forms identified at the beginning (B1-83) and end (B1-89) of a 6 year follow-up of a chronically infected patient. The B1-89 sequence showed marked nucleotide rearrangements (a nucleotide divergence of 11.3 % comp...

background staphylococcus aureus (sa) is frequently found on normal human skin and mucous membranes. methicilline resistance s. aureus (mrsa) strains have spread in many hospital isolates world wide since 1970s. hospital personnel tend to have higher colonization rates than the general population. colonized residents and personnel are sources for dissemination of organism. materials and methods...

objective: this study was designed to investigate rbc indices and hba2 levels in parents of major beta-thalassemia patients to detect possible silent beta- thalassemia carriers and examine its potential impact on the premarital genetic counseling. materials and methods: this cross sectional study was performed at children medical center from 2004 to 2006. after genetic counseling and getting in...

Three to eight percent of female carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) develop dystrophic symptoms ranging from mild muscle weakness to a rapidly progressive DMD-like muscular dystrophy due to skewed inactivation of X chromosomes during early development. Here, we generated human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) from a manifesting female carrier using retroviral or Sendai viral (...

The average estimated carrier rate of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in India is 4%, with a total pool of approximately 36 million carriers. Wide variations in social, economic, and health factors in different regions may explain variations in carrier rates from one part of the country to another. Professional blood donors constitute the major high risk group for HBV infection in India, with a hepatit...