All adult mammals examined thus far exhibit sleep bout durations that follow an exponential distribution and wake bout durations that follow a power-law distribution. In altricial rodents such as rats and mice, exponential distributions of sleep bouts are found soon after birth, but the power-law distribution of wake bouts does not emerge until the third postnatal week. Also, both sleep and bou...

This paper focuses on issues related to the trailing vortex wake hazard beyond the takeoff and landing corridors. The operational procedures adopted by the FAA in the 1970s for avoiding wake turbulence encounters in the take-off and landing corridors have been very successful in providing commercial aviation with a high degree of safety. However, there is a growing body of evidence that encount...

Simulations of a low-speed square cylinder wake and a supersonic axisymmetric base wake are performed using the Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) model. A reduced-dissipation form of the Symmetric TVD scheme is employed to mitigate the effects of dissipative error in regions of smooth flow. The reduceddissipation scheme is demonstrated on a 2D square cylinder wake problem, showing a marked improve...

This paper describes an experimental investigation into the development of a planar turbulent wake under constant adverse and favorable pressure gradient conditions. The focus of the study is on the near-wake due to its relevance to high-lift systems for commercial transport aircraft. The wake is generated by a flat splitter plate with tapered trailing edge. The pressure gradients are imposed a...

BACKGROUND Stroke symptoms noticed upon waking, wake-up stroke, account for up to a quarter of all acute ischemic strokes. Patients with wake-up stroke, however, are often excluded from thrombolytic therapy. METHODS Using our prospectively collected stroke registry, wake-up stroke and known-onset morning strokes were identified. Wakeup stroke was defined as a patient who was asleep >3 hours a...

The transverse force on a spherical charged grain lying in the plasma wake of another grain is analyzed to assess the importance of ion-drag perturbation, in addition to the wake-potential-gradient. The ion-drag perturbation is intrinsically one order smaller than the wake-potential force in the ratio of grain size (r(p)) to Debye length (λ(De)). So ion-drag perturbation is important only in no...

A potential flow model is used to study the unsteady flow past two airfoils in configuration, each of which is suddenly set into motion. The airfoil bound vortices are modeled using lumped vortex elements and the wake behind the airfoil is modeled by discrete vortices. This consists of solving a steady state flow problem at each time-step where unsteadiness is incorporated through the “zero nor...

The role of dopamine in sleep regulation and in mediating the effects of wake-promoting therapeutics is controversial. In this study, polygraphic recordings and caudate microdialysate dopamine measurements in narcoleptic dogs revealed that the wake-promoting antinarcoleptic compounds modafinil and amphetamine increase extracellular dopamine in a hypocretin receptor 2-independent manner. In mice...

-Long-time operating wireless sensor networks in remote or harsh environmental conditions where maintenance is not simple or impossible to accomplish becoming more and more demand in industrial applications. Wake up strategies will help to expand the operational life cycle of sensor nodes where long life cycles are required. The lack of energy and no recharge possibilities are challenges of wir...

Exploration of a novel environment leads to neuronal DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). These DSBs are generated by type 2 topoisomerase to relieve topological constrains that limit transcription of plasticity-related immediate early genes. If not promptly repaired, however, DSBs may lead to cell death. Since the induction of plasticity-related genes is higher in wake than in sleep, we asked whet...