Wake neurons in the basal forebrain and brainstem provide critical inputs to optimize alertness and attention. These neurons, however, evidence heightened vulnerability to a diverse array of metabolic challenges, including aging. SIRT1 is an nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide responsive deacetylase serving diverse adaptive responses to metabolic challenges, yet this metabolic rheostat may be dow...

A numerical study on the wake behind a wind turbine is carried out focusing on determining the length of the near-wake based on the instability onset of the trailing tip vortices shed from the turbine blades. The numerical model is based on large-eddy simulations (LES) of the Navier-Stokes equations using the actuator line (ACL) method. The wake is perturbed by applying stochastic or harmonic e...

7 Wind tunnel measurements downwind of reduced scale car models have been made to study the 8 wake regions in detail, test the usefulness of existing vehicle wake models, and draw key 9 information needed for dispersion modelling in vehicle wakes. The experiments simulated a car 10 moving in still air. This is achieved by (i) the experimental characterisation of the flow, turbulence 11 and conc...

Previous studies of differential gene expression in sleep and wake pooled transcripts from all brain cells and showed that several genes expressed at higher levels during sleep are involved in the synthesis/maintenance of membranes in general and of myelin in particular, a surprising finding given the reported slow turnover of many myelin components. Other studies showed that oligodendrocyte pr...

Orexin-producing neurons are clearly essential for the regulation of wakefulness and sleep because loss of these cells produces narcolepsy. However, little is understood about how these neurons dynamically interact with other wake- and sleep-regulatory nuclei to control behavioral states. Using survival analysis of wake bouts in wild-type and orexin knockout mice, we found that orexins are nece...

A flight deck display that allows the pilot to “see” the neighboring aircraft, as well as its wake, may allow for a decrease in spacing and an increase in airport and airspace capacity, while maintaining safe separation distances from wake vortices. This research evaluates a model based on aircraft parameters that are readily available in flight to predict aircraft wake vortices in real time. U...

sensory information and to modify existing associations mune function, endocrine function, and more. Long-term deprivation, whether induced experimentally in animals with appropriate deliberation. or induced by disease in humans, invariably leads to Naturally, it is tempting to speculate about the mecha-death. So our relative ignorance regarding the function nistic role of NCS-1 in plasticity. ...