The incidence and nature of microbial contamination of intravenous fluids prepared by four manufacturing establishments in Kenya was evaluated using the European Pharmacopoeia membrane filtration method for sterility testing. The percentage failures were 28.6% for source D, 18.8% for source A, 12.5% for source B and 10.5% for source C. The major contaminant was aspergillus which was isolated fr...

Background: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) surgery may be associated with postoperative Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). Commonest intraoperative risk factors for AKI include hypotension and hypoperfusion. Intravenous fluids are administered during to optimize intravascular status thus prevent hypotension. Conventionally, intravenous using pre-calculated volumes based on maintenance needs. Alter...

BACKGROUND Periodic lack of availability and high cost of commercially produced isotonic fluids for intravenous (IV) use in horses have increasingly led to use of home-made or commercially compound fluids by veterinarians. Data regarding the quality control and safety of compounded fluids would be of benefit to equine veterinarians. OBJECTIVES To compare electrolyte concentrations, sterility,...

background:naltrexone is a competitive opioid receptor antagonist blocking the euphoric effects of exogenous opioids. when used concomitantly with opioids, naltrexone causes severe withdrawal symptoms.the main aim of the study is to determine the symptomatology and outcome of patients who consumed naltrexone in conjunction with an opioid substance. methods:this cross-sectional study was perform...

BACKGROUND Although local anaesthesia for knee arthroscopy is a well-documented procedure, arthroscopy under local anaesthesia is often interrupted because of intolerable discomfort and pain. Warming local anaesthetic solutions may increase its anaesthetic effect. We tested whether intra-articular injection of warmed lidocaine solution could improve intraoperative anaesthetic and postoperative ...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) using warmed and nonwarmed miriplatin for hepatocellular carcinoma. Eighty patients (117 nodules), treated between January 2010 and June 2013, were evaluated. Thirty-two and 85 nodules were treated with nonwarmed and warmed miriplatin, respectively. The efficacy of TACE was evaluated...

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS  Methods to improve polyp detection during colonoscopy have been investigated, with conflicting results for warm water irrigation. Carbon Dioxide (CO 2) warmed to 37 °C may have similar or more pronounced effects on bowel motility. This study aimed to assess whether warmed CO 2 would improve polyp detection compared to room temperature air insufflation. PATIENTS AND ...