We humans, and all life on Earth, are aqueous beings. Our cells are mostly water that has been exquisitely packaged in lipid membranes. They are cytoplasmic solutions of solvable molecules whose aqueous chemistry is responsible for cellular maintenance, growth, and reproduction. Water’s chemical and thermodynamic properties make it an ideal medium for biological activity, so much so that it is ...

When Earth-mass extrasolar planets first become detectable, one challenge will be to determine which of these worlds harbor liquid water, a widely used criterion for habitability. Some of the first observations of these planets will consist of disc-averaged, time-resolved broadband photometry. To simulate such data, the Deep Impact spacecraft obtained light curves of Earth at seven wavebands sp...

In recent years, the subjects of water, carbon, and global climate change have attracted worldwide attention by scientists and the media. Climate change, whether associated with humaninduced or natural variations, has and will continue to be important to policy makers and the public. It is clear from reports such as that by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [1] that Earth obs...

The National Elevation, Hydrography and Land Cover datasets of the United States have been synthesized into a geospatial dataset called NHDPlus which is referenced to a spheroidal Earth, provides geospatial data layers for topography on 30 m rasters, and has vector coverages for catchments and river reaches. In this article, we examine the integration of NHDPlus with the Noah-distributed model....

Water planets in the habitable zone are expected to have distinct geophysics and geochemistry of their surfaces and atmospheres. We explore these properties motivated by two key questions: whether such planets could provide habitable conditions and whether they exhibit discernable spectral features that distinguish a water planet from a rocky Earth-like planet. We show that the recently discove...

Seawalls are built for Protecting of beaches against waves and preventing the progression of water to the beach. For a proper understanding about these constructions, a suiTable information about applied loads on these constructions should be existed. One of the important load that applied on these constructions is sea wave. Others loads are included: weight force of the walls, weight force of ...

Continental aquatic systems from rivers to the coastal zone are considered within two perspectives: (i) as a major link between the atmosphere, pedosphere, biosphere and oceans within the Earth system with its Holocene dynamics, and (ii) as water and aquatic biota resources progressively used and transformed by humans. Human pressures have now reached a state where the continental aquatic syste...

In January 2013, the Journal of Computational Physics announced an open call for quality papers to topical issues on Frontiers in Computational Physics devoted to modelling the Earth System. Computational models play an essential role in diagnosis and prognosis of all elements of the Earth System, from solar variability through space weather, geomechanics, terrestrial climate and weather, down ...