PURPOSE The effects of the Parks' anal retractor on anal sphincter function were studied in a prospective, randomized trial. A closed hemorrhoidectomy was performed intra-anally in 20 patients using the Parks' anal retractor; in 20 other patients, the procedure was done perineally without the use of a retractor. METHODS Anal manometry was performed before and at 6 and 12 weeks after hemorrhoi...

Given the potential importance of technology parks, their complexity in terms of the scope of required investment and the growing interest of governments to use them as tools for creating sustainable development there is a pressing need for a better understanding of the critical success factors of these entities. However, Briggs and watt (2001) argued that the goal of many technology parks and ...

Industrial water conservation is an important adaptation to preserve the environment. Eco-Industrial Parks (EIPs) have been designed encourage establishment of exchange networks between enterprises in order minimize freshwater consumption and wastewater discharge by maximizing reuse. In this paper, a mathematical programming model for designing optimizing industrial EIPs studied formulating sol...

A comprehensive survey assessing the presence of Acanthamoeba was conducted on 50 samples from water sources in parks and public squares from 22 municipal districts of Tehran, Iran. The prevalence and genotypes of Acanthamoeba were determined by PCR and the PCR fragments of ribosomal RNA genes sequenced. Sixteen (32%) samples were positive for Acanthamoeba spp. Sequence analysis revealed that t...

BACKGROUND The recent increase in childhood obesity is expected to add significantly to the prevalence of chronic diseases. We used multivariate multilevel analysis to examine associations between parks/green space and childhood overweight/obesity across communities in Calgary, Canada, a city characterized by intensified urban sprawl and high car use. METHODS Body Mass Index was calculated fr...

Birds in U.S. national parks find strong protection from many longstanding and pervasive threats, but remain highly exposed to effects of ongoing climate change. To understand how climate change is likely to alter bird communities in parks, we used species distribution models relating North American Breeding Bird Survey (summer) and Audubon Christmas Bird Count (winter) observations to climate ...

US national parks are challenged by climate and other forms of broad-scale environmental change that operate beyond administrative boundaries and in some instances are occurring at especially rapid rates. Here, we evaluate the climate change exposure of 289 natural resource parks administered by the US National Park Service (NPS), and ask which are presently (past 10 to 30 years) experiencing e...

We analyzed the patterns of habitat use by insectivorous bats in Mexico City, one of the largest and most populated cities of the world. We tested the hypotheses that richer patches of food, expected in more vegetated areas, have higher bat activity levels, and that fast-flying species benefit most from urbanization. We compared activity of insectivorous species and relative abundance of insect...

iranian women who, in the traditional conditions of the past and norms of the iranian society, have had a limited access to the public spaces of the city, with the changes taken place in our modern day society and factors such as education, employment and so on. nowadays, they have distinguished themselves in various fields and introduced their own issues and concerns to the society. however, i...

N agencies and public health organizations collaboratively addressed cyanobacteria issues for the first time after two dogs died within hours of drinking water from a small private lake south of Omaha on May 4, 2004. A water sample and a necropsy revealed that the dog deaths were due to high concentrations of the cyanobacteria toxin Microcystin LR. Meetings were held between the Nebraska Depart...