BACKGROUND Wax esters are important ingredients in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, lubricants and other chemical industries due to their excellent wetting property. Since the naturally occurring wax esters are expensive and scarce, these esters can be produced by enzymatic alcoholysis of vegetable oils. In an enzymatic reaction, study on modeling and optimization of the reaction system to increase ...

We used the proboscis extension reflex of honeybees to test their ability to discriminate between comb waxes of different ages (wax scales, 1-week-old wax, 2- to 3-year-old wax, 8- to 10-year-old wax). Such waxes differ in their chemical composition, and an ability to discriminate between them may aid the orientation of the bees in the nest. To train the bees, we used whole extracts of waxes an...

Abstract Pour point depressant (PPD) has the competitive advantage of lowering temperature wax appearance (WAT) and crude oil viscosity. In this paper, a novel PPD poly stearyl acrylate- co -behenyl acrylate (SA- -BA) in various mass ratios (1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 1:2 1:3) was effectively synthesized by solution radical polymerization method, characterized fourier transform infrared FTIR, proton nuclea...

With the application of chemical enhanced oil recovery methods, water separation is a major issue in production facility. Oil/water suppressed with stable emulsion. The present study evaluated impact different emulsifiers recovery. effectiveness each additive such as an alkali, surfactant, or polymer on stability emulsion was anticipated using laser scattering to measure emulsion’s stability. A...

Crop traits can alter economically important interactions between plants, pests, and biological control agents. For example, a reduced waxy bloom on the surface of pea plants alters interactions between pea aphids and their natural enemies. In this study, we assess whether the effect of wax reduction extends beyond the 2 or 3 arthropod species closely associated with the plants and into the str...

The capacity of developing countries for citrus fruits exportation is limited by the lack of adequate storage techniques. In studying this problem citrus sinensis Osbeck was treated with, a locally developed bemul-wax, calcium chloride dip, and a combination of the two. The treated fruits were assessed during four month low temperature storage (7.0 ± 3.0 o C; 9094% RH.) for their biochemical an...

U ltrastructure of the epicuticular wax of four commercially grown Canadian cultivars of canola (Brassica campestris cvs. Tobin and Candle, B. napus cvs. Altex and W estar) was investigated. Freeze-drying and air-drying methods of specimen preparation for scanning electron microscopy were compared. The freeze-drying method resulted in disruption and possible washing away of wax crystals, wherea...

Insect wax is secreted by Ericerus pela Chavanness. It has been traditionally used to treat hair loss in China, but few reports have been published on the hair growth-promoting effect of insect wax. In this work, we examined the hair growth-promoting effects of insect wax on model animals. Different concentrations of insect wax were topically applied to the denuded backs of mice, and 5% minoxid...

A detailed organic geochemical study; utilising petrography, biomarker hydrocarbon analysis and high temperature GC analysis of extractable wax hydrocarbon constituents was performed on four marginally oil window-mature source rocks from the Shahejie Formation (Eocene), Damintun depression in eastern China. The main maceral components in the source rocks were vitrinite, liptinite and exinite, w...

Maxillofacial defects compromise appearance and function making individuals incapable of leading a relatively normal life. It is always not possible to rehabilitate all these using plastic surgery. Although remarkable advancements have evolved in this field, the patient’s financial constraints make prosthodontist think about basic concepts techniques fabrication prostheses. Hence an acceptable ...