The notions of coupled N -subalgebra, coupled (positive implicative) N -ideals of d-algebras are introduced, and related properties are investigated. Characterizations of a coupled N -subalgebra and a coupled (positive implicative) N -ideals of d-algebras are given. Relations among a coupled N -subalgebra, a coupled N -ideal and a coupled positive implicative N -ideal of d-algebras are discussed.

In this paper, the authors study the notion of n-fold implicative and fuzzy n-fold implicative filters, which correspond to various sets of provable formulaes, in BL-algebras. Several characterizations of fuzzy n-fold implicative filters are given and the authors analyse some relationships with various n-fold and fuzzy n-fold filters in BL-algebras, while constructing some algorithms for studyi...

Y. Imai and K. Iseki introduced BCK-algebras in 1966, through the paper [Im, Is; 66], as a generalization of the concept of set-theoretic difference and propositional calculi. This class of BCK-algebras is a proper subclass of the class of BCI-algebras and has many applications to various domains of mathematics. One of the recent applications of BCK-algebras was given in the Coding Theory. In t...

A normal pseudo-BCK-algebra X is an algebra in which every subalgebra of X is an ideal of X . Characterizations of normal pseudo-BCK-algebras are given. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 03G25, 06F35.

The aim of this paper is to study the properties of dual BCK-algebra and to prove that the MV -algebra is equvalent to the bounded commutative dual BCK-algebra.

the notion of vague ideals in pseudo mv-algebras is introduced,and several properties are investigated. conditions for a vague set to be avague ideal are provided. conditions for a vague ideal to be implicative aregiven. characterizations of (implicative, prime) vague ideals are discussed.the smallest vague ideal containing a given vague set is established. primeand implicative extension proper...

In this paper, we extend the notions of states and measures presented in [12] to the case of pseudo-BCK algebras and study similar properties. We prove that, under some conditions, the notion of a state in the sense of [12] coincides with the Bosbach state, and we extend to the case of pseudo-BCK algebras some results proved by J. Kühr only for pseudo-BCK semilattices. We characterize extremal ...

BCK-algebras, introduced in the 1960s by Imai and Iséki [3], form a well-known class of algebras intensively studied in algebraic logic during the last decades. The reason of their introduction was practically twofold: they describe general properties of algebras of sets with the set subtraction as a binary operation, and secondly, they form a natural generalization of algebraic counterparts of...

Von Meyenburg Complexes (VMCs) is a rare clinicopathologic entity, consisting of small (<1.5cm), usually multiple and nodular cystic lesions. VMCs typically cause no symptoms or disturbances in liver function and thus in most instances they are diagnosed incidentally. We present four VMCs cases, each with a distinct clinical presentation. In two of our cases, VMCs caused mild, non-specific abdo...