Today Free-Space Optical communication (FSO)has overcome the radio frequency communication. This paper gives an overview of the availability of an FSO system and its different weather conditions. It describes problems that the designer faces while implementing an FSO system and to overcome that problems .Performance analysis of a system for different weather conditions is carried out. Calculati...

Satellite radar and radiometer data show that subtropical South America has the world’s deepest convective storms, robust mesoscale convective systems, and very frequent large hail. We determine severe weather characteristics for the most intense precipitation features seen by satellite in this region. In summer, hail and lightning concentrate over the foothills of western Argentina. Lightning ...

Habitual physical activity is an important determinant of health, yet many people are considered to be inactive. Identification of the obstacles to greater participation is necessary for the development of strategies to overcome those obstacles. The weather has been identified as a perceived barrier to participation in physical activity, but exactly which adverse weather conditions are most imp...

INTRODUCTION Provision for the safety and health care of persons attending mass-gathering events presents unique challenges to organizers. This study was designed to determine the factors that contribute to patients seeking medical care during these events. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of patient care records for visits that occurred during race weekends at the Kansas Speedway ...

The characteristics of near-storm environments have been elucidated by several studies of observed soundings near reported tornadoes (Maddox 1976; Kerr and Darkow 1996), all soundings for multiple severe weather hazards during a complete year (Rasmussen and Blanchard 1998), or long-period samples of soundings associated with severe thunderstorms (Craven and Brooks 2004). Meanwhile, much attenti...

For accurate and efficient use of wind power, it is important to know the statistical characteristics, availability, diurnal variation, and prediction of wind speed. Prediction of wind power permits the scheduling of the connection or the disconnection of wind turbines to achieve optimal operating costs. In this paper, a simple and accurate method for predicting wind speed based on weather-sens...

Fuel conservation and carbon reduction are important issues in current naval operations. Optimal ship route (i.e. minimum fuel consumption) depends on specific ship platform characteristics and near real-time environment such as weather, ocean waves, and ocean currents. The environmental impact of shipping can be measured on different spatial and temporal scales. As a vital component of the sma...

The local abundance of Culex mosquitoes is a central factor adding to the risk of West Nile virus transmission, and vector abundance data influence public health decisions. This study evaluated differences in abundance estimates from mosquitoes trapped using two common methods: CO2-baited CDC light traps and infusion-baited gravid traps in suburban, Chicago, Illinois. On a weekly basis, the two...

In China, 260 million people migrate to cities to realize their urban dreams. Despite that these migrants play an important role in the rapid urbanization process, many of them fail to settle down and eventually leave the city. The integration process of migrants thus raises an important issue for scholars and policymakers. In this paper, we use Shanghai as an example to investigate migrants’ b...