where b ranges over a set BExp of boolean expressions, a ranges over a set Act of basic actions and p is a real number with 0 < p < 1. We write cond(b, P,Q) for the conditional usually denoted as if b then P else Q fi and while(b, P ) for the while loop usually denoted as while b do P od The program P8Q nondeterministically executes either P or Q. The program P p⊕Q executes P with probability p...

We searched the drink-drive control literature over the past three decades, finding over six thousand documents. After detailed review of the abstracts and papers, 125 studies contained separate empirical evaluations of the effects of 12 DWI control policies and enforcement efforts (administrative license suspension, illegal per se, implied consent, preliminary breath test, mandatory jail sente...

Driving while impaired (DWI) is a grave and persistent high-risk behavior. Previous work demonstrated that DWI recidivists had attenuated cortisol reactivity compared to non-DWI drivers. This suggests that cortisol is a neurobiological marker of high-risk driving. The present study tested the hypothesis that this initial finding would extend to first-time DWI (fDWI) offenders compared to non-DW...

A DWI prevention program for driving schools consisting of a videotape, slides, a textbook, and a manual was developed and evaluated. Effects of the program on knowledge, attitude, behavior intention, and self-reported DWI behavior were measured by means of a pretest, posttest, one-year follow-up evaluation design. Two-hundred and eight driving school students followed the program and participa...

Legal sanctions, whether administered by the courts or by State licensing agencies, NC central to deterrence-based policies for reducing alcohol-impaired driving. They are the punishments threatened in support of the law’s mandate. Examples are fines, license actions such as suspension and revocation, jail sentences, and alternatives such as community service. Deterrence theory posits that sanc...

In relational semantics, the input-output semantics of a program is a relation on its set of states. We generalize this in considering elements of Kleene algebras as semantical values. In a nondeterministic context, the demonic semantics is calculated by considering the worst behavior of the program. In this paper, we concentrate on while loops. Calculating the semantics of a loop is difficult,...

Whereas the analysis of loops in imperative programs is, justifiably, dominated by the concept of invariant assertion, we submit a related but different concept, of invariant relation, and show how it can be used to compute or approximate the function of a while loop. We also introduce the concept of invariant function, which is used to generate a broad class of invariant relations.

Context Regulation of the availability of alcohol has been found to be a very important factor in alcohol impaired driving, as well as other alcohol related problems. Such factors as minimum purchase age for alcohol, the density and location of alcohol outlets, and alcohol service and sales practices have all been found to be related to impaired driving. Recent research has added to knowledge a...

From a semantic standpoint, there is a clear differentiation between the meanings of public and publicized content. The former includes any content that is accessible by anyone, while the latter emphasizes visibility – publicized content is actively made available. As a user’s online experience becomes more personalized and data is increasingly pushed rather than pulled, the line between public...

Suppliers (including companies and individual prosumers) may wish to protect their private information when selling items they have in stock. A market is envisaged where private information can be protected through the use of differential privacy and option contracts, while privacy-aware suppliers deliver their stock at a reduced price. In such a marketplace a broker acts as intermediary betwee...