To what extent is tropical variability forced from the North Pacific through ocean pathways relative to locally generated variability and variability forced through the atmosphere? To address this question, in this study we use an anomaly-coupled model, consisting of a global, atmospheric general circulation model and a 41⁄2layer, reduced-gravity, Pacific-Ocean model. Three solutions are obtain...

To better understand the causes of climate change in the tropical Pacific on the decadal and longer time scales, the rectification effect of ENSO events is delineated by contrasting the time-mean state of two forced ocean GCM experiments. In one of them, the long-term mean surface wind stress of 1950–2011 is applied, while in the other, the surface wind stress used is the long-termmean surface ...

The use of wind turbines to generate electricity has increased in recent years. One of the most important parts of a wind turbine is the foundation, which should be designed accurately because it is influenced by difference forces. Soil cannot carry tension stress; thus, when a wind turbine foundation is applied eccentricity forces, a gap appears between the soil and foundation. The gap will ha...

Wind turbines reliability is affected by stochastic factors in the turbulent inflow and wind turbine structures. On one hand, the variability in wind dynamics and the inherent stochastic structures result in random loads on wind turbine rotor and tower. On the other hand, the inherent structural uncertainties caused by imperfect control of manufacturing process introduce unpredictable failures ...

Since its discovery by Soda 1924, the largest gyre in Lake Biwa, known as the “first gyre”, has been the topic of many studies over the years to clarify the processes that create the basin-scale cyclonic current system during the stratified period. Several study results of the ecosystem of Lake Biwa highlight the correlation between the biology of the lake and the first gyre. For instance Ishik...

Spaceborne scatterometers are the only proven method for global all-weather measurement of vector winds at the ocean’s surface. Such measurements are critical inputs in studies of oceanic circulation and air/seainteraction where the time variability of the surface wind field and the wind stress curl drive the ocean; hence, our interest in the spectrum of the surface wind field. In this paper we...

ULow-frequency ambient noise under pack ice of the central Arctic Ocean has long-term variations mmj (periods greater than I h) which correlate highly with composit -measures of stress applied to the mice by wind, current, and drift. These composites are the horizontal ice stress and the stress moment, and are derived from meteorological and oceanographic data observed simultaneously with the n...

The time-variable coastal upwelling during CODE 2 is simulated using a mixing-advection coupled model. The agreement between model results and observations is generally good. During periods of strong equatorward wind stress, shelf water is cold and weakly stratified, and a front moves offshore; during periods of wind relaxation, surface temperature rises markedly, but the subsurface front usual...