BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), the rate of deaths preceded by dialysis withdrawal is high. However, rates vary across studies and national renal registries. This study aimed to (i) determine how dialysis withdrawal mortality is defined in the literature and (ii) whether mortality rates preceded by dialysis withdrawal change over time. METHODS MEDLIN...

BACKGROUND Nicotine withdrawal symptoms are related to smoking cessation. A Rasch model has been used to develop a unidimensional sensitivity score representing multiple correlated measures of nicotine withdrawal. A previous autosome-wide screen identified a nonparametric linkage (NPL) log-likelihood ratio (LOD) score of 2.7 on chromosome 6q26 for the sum of nine withdrawal symptoms. METHODS ...

background and aims: safflower (carthamus tinctorius l.)from asteraceae family has different biological activities including analgesic, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and neuroprotective effects. this study designed to evaluate its effect on naloxone -induced morphine withdrawal signs. methods: in this experimental study, male nmri mice (25-30 g) were randomly divided into 5 g...

effect of otostegia persica on naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal syndrome was studied in male mice. dependence was induced using daily subcutaneous injections of morphine for three days. morphine was injected to mice at doses of 30 and 45mg/kg on day 1 and 60 and 90mg/kg on day 2 (8:00 am and 6:00 pm). on day 3, morphine (90mg/kg) was injected 1h before oral administration and 1.5h before in...

ultra rapid opioid detoxification (urod) is one of the new methods of detoxification. this method of detoxification involves putting patients under general anesthesia and actively giving them opioid antagonists. the objective of this study was to evaluate effects of anesthesia duration in urod on severity of withdrawal syndrome. sixty addicted patients seeking urod procedure assigned randomly t...

background: acute opioid overdose is a common cause of admission in emergency department. in spite of the fact that naloxone is the main therapy for decades, there are controversies about the proper way of its use. this study aimed to compare two most recommended administration modes for naloxone. methods: in this single-blind clinical trial, 80 patients with methadone overdose syndrome were ra...

objective(s): evaluation of the sophora alopecuroides var. alopecuroides seed effects on morphine withdrawal syndrome in mice and determination of the alkaloid composition of the seed total extract. materials and methods:the effects of the seed total extract, alkaloid fraction and major compound matrine on the mice morphine withdrawal syndrome were compared to saline and methadone.mice were mad...

background it has been elucidated that berberis vulgaris (barberry) can alleviate morphine withdrawal syndrome. also it has been reported that aqueous extract of barberry possibly have inhibitory effect on nmda receptors. objectives in this study, we decided to evaluate the effects of aqueous extract of b. vulgaris fruit on morphine tendency in mice using conditioned place preference (cpp) meth...

the effect of aqueous extract of nepata glomerulosa boiss. aerial parts on morphine withdrawal syndrome was investigated in mice. dependence was induced by subcutaneous injections of morphine for 3 consecutive days. on day 4, morphine was injected 2 h prior to intraperitoneal injection of naloxone. the number of jumps during a 20 min. period after naloxone injection was considered as a measure ...

background: chronic administration of morphine cause physical dependence but the exact mechanism of this phenomenon remains unclear. the aim of this study is the assessment of systemic and intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of ramelteon (a melatonin receptor agonist) on morphine physical dependence. methods: 88 adult male rats were divided into 2 major groups, namely “systematic” and ...