The interaction of crop pests with their natural enemies is a fundament to their control. Natural enemies of fungal pathogens of crops are poorly known relative to those of insect pests, despite the diversity of fungal pathogens and their economic importance. Currently, many regions across Latin America are experiencing unprecedented epidemics of coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix). Identification...

Detecting the presence and amount of a fungus in leaf tissue, especially when it is suspected that other fungi are presen~, is quite difficult. Culture methods can be unreliable because a few spores of a fast growing fungus may overgrow other fungi within a, few days (e.g. McKENZIE and HUDSON 1976). Methods which measure the chitin content of fungal walls cannot differentiate between fungi; in ...

Rust fungi include many species that are devastating crop pathogens. To develop resistant plants, a better understanding of rust virulence factors, or effector proteins, is needed. Thus far, only six rust effector proteins have been described: AvrP123, AvrP4, AvrL567, AvrM, RTP1, and PGTAUSPE-10-1. Although some are well established model proteins used to investigate mechanisms of immune recept...

BACKGROUND While orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) is a well-known perennial forage species, rust diseases cause serious reductions in the yield and quality of orchardgrass; however, genetic mechanisms of rust resistance are not well understood in orchardgrass. RESULTS In this study, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SL...

Nearest neighbor spatial analysis was used to assess the effect of systemic rust caused by Uromyces scutellatus on stand density of Euphorbia esula/virgata , a highly invasive deep-rooted perennial weed of rangelands and natural areas in North America. ANOVA applied to nearest neighbor measurements within four pairs of stands in close proximity, with and without rust, in Hungary and Austria ind...