Purpose – To seek to produce low-voltage, soft mechanical actuators entirely via freeform fabrication as part of a larger effort to freeform fabricate complete electromechanical devices with lifelike and/or biocompatible geometry and function. Design/methodology/approach – The authors selected ionomeric polymer-metal composite (IPMC) actuators from the literature and the authors’ own preliminar...

We used estimates of autotrophic respiration (RA), net primary productivity (NPP) and soil CO2 evolution (Sff), to develop component carbon budgets for 12-year-old loblolly pine plantations during the fifth year of a fertilization and irrigation experiment. Annual carbon use in RA was 7.5, 9.0, 15.0, and 15.1MgCha 1 in control (C), irrigated (I), fertilized (F) and irrigated and fertilized (IF)...

Aims. We study the relationship between the local environment of galaxies and their star formation rate (SFR) in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey, GOODS, at z ∼1. Methods. We use ultradeep imaging at 24 μm with the MIPS camera onboard Spitzer to determine the contribution of obscured light to the SFR of galaxies over the redshift range 0.8≤ z ≤1.2. Accurate galaxy densities are measu...

We present a formalism to infer the presence of merging activity by comparing the observed time derivative of the galaxy stellar mass function (MF) to the change of the MF expected from the star formation rate (SFR) in galaxies as a function of galaxy mass and time. We present the SFR in the Fors Deep Field as a function of stellar mass and time spanning 9 < logM∗ < 12 and 0 < z < 5. We show th...

Multichannel sound field reproduction techniques, such as Wave Field Synthesis (WFS) and Sound Field Reconstruction (SFR), define loudspeaker filters in the frequency domain. However, in order to use these techniques in practical systems, one needs to convert these frequency-domain characteristics to practical and efficient time-domain digital filters. Additional limitation of SFR comes from th...

A major challenge in tissue engineering is the generation of cell-seeded implants with structures that mimic native tissue, both in anatomic geometries and intratissue cell distributions. By combining the strengths of injection molding tissue engineering with those of solid freeform fabrication (SFF), three-dimensional (3-D) pre-seeded implants were fabricated without custom-tooling, enabling e...

Using galaxy samples drawn from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and the DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey, we study the relationship between star formation and environment at z ∼ 0.1 and z ∼ 1. We estimate the total star–formation rate (SFR) and specific star–formation rate (sSFR) for each galaxy according to the measured [O II] λ3727Å nebular line luminosity, corrected using empirical calibrations to ...

Observations indicate that young massive star clusters in spiral and dwarf galaxies follow a relation between luminosity of the brightest young cluster and the star-formation rate (SFR) of the host galaxy, in the sense that higher SFRs lead to the formation of brighter clusters. Assuming that the empirical relation between maximum cluster luminosity and SFR reflects an underlying similar relati...

We have constructed an extended halo model (EHM) which relates the total stellar mass and star-formation rate (SFR) to halo mass (Mh). An empirical relation between the distribution functions of total stellar mass of galaxies and host halo mass, tuned to match the spatial density of galaxies over 0 < z < 2 and the clustering properties at z ∼ 0, is extended to include two different scenarios de...

To accurately determine sample optical properties using single fiber reflectance spectroscopy (SFR), an absolute calibration of the reflectance is required. We investigated two SFR calibration methods, using a calibrated mirror and using the Fresnel reflection at the fiber tip as a reference. We compared these to commonly used calibration methods, using either Intralipid-20% in combination with...