Cells of the innate immune system, including dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, have an important role in regulating the nature and magnitude of adaptive immune responses1. They recognize microbial components via pattern-recognition receptors, including various Tolllike receptors (TLRs), which trigger intracellular signaling events that induce the maturation and function of these cells. DCs...

Biological therapy revolutionized the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) during the last decade. These monoclonal antibodies, which target tumor necrosis factor (TNF), integrins or IL12/23, have been approved-or are in development for-both Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Early use of these agents taught clinicians that induction and maintenance therapy, coupled with...

Cytokines and intrathecal IgG synthesis were determined in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and sera to evaluate inflammatory activity in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients during clinical remission. Although the disease was stable, there had been a significant increase of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFalpha and IFNgamma in the CSF and serum, with no significant changes of IL12 and IL10 produ...

Introduction Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD) is a rare form of primary immunodeficiencies characterized by predisposition for poorly virulent infection agents, primarily non-tuberculous mycobacteria and Salmonella. It has been shown that molecular basis of these diseases is mutations in at least 7 genes in the IL12-dependent IFN-g axis including IFNGR1, IFNGR2, IL-12/IL...

Article history: Received 28 November 2016 Received in revised form 29 December 2016 Accepted 4 January 2017 Available online 7 January 2017 (Karsak et al., 2007). Moreover, AEA was recently shown to suppress production and release of key Th1and Th17-polarizing cytokines (IL12 and IL-23) via CB1-mediated inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in human keratinocytes (Chiurchiù et al....