The non-clock model is the standard model used in phylogenetic inference. As mentioned in one of the previous lectures, it can be considered as a branch-breaking model which allows the evolutionary rate to be different for each branch in the tree. Because of this, the non-clock tree model has a large number of free parameters, one for each branch in the tree. If there are n tips in the tree, th...

In this paper, we describe a new adaptive vector quantization (AVQ) algorithm designed for the coding of nonstationary sources. This new algorithm, generalized threshold replenishment (GTR), diiers from prior AVQ algorithms in that it features an explicit, online consideration of both rate and distortion. Rate-distortion cost criteria are used in both the determination of nearest-neighbor codew...

Regeneration of periodontal and alveolar ridge defects utilizing membranes is a well-established procedure in reconstructive surgery. Biomaterial characteristics and membrane design employed in guided tissue regeneration (GTR) techniques play an important role in good results. The purpose of this histologic experimental study in rats was to compare the use of two physical barriers in the osteop...

Objective: The most effective factor on malignant glioma (MGs) treatment affecting overall survival is the extent of resection. use sodium fluorescein (FL) staining in order to increase amount resection, applied more effectively and safely at lower doses with aid 560nm filtered surgical microscopes. Our aim was investigate effects FL MGs surgery gross total resection rate (GTR), duration surger...

In this summary, we describe a new adaptive vector quantization (AVQ) algorithm designed for the coding of nonstationary sources. This new algorithm, generalized threshold replenishment (GTR), di ers from prior AVQ algorithms in that it features an explicit, online consideration of both rate and distortion. Rate-distortion cost criteria are used in the determination of nearest-neighbor codeword...

INTRODUCTION Endodontic-periodontal combined lesion is a clinical dilemma because making a differential diagnosis and deciding a prognosis are difficult. METHODS Twenty-six cases from 14 articles involving the successful management of endodontic-periodontal lesions with concurrent regenerative procedures were reviewed. This article also presents successful treatment of an endodontic-periodont...

Gross total resection (GTR) of glioma is critical for improving the survival rate of glioma patients. One of the greatest challenges for achieving GTR is the difficulty in discriminating low grade tumor or peritumor regions that have an intact blood brain barrier (BBB) from normal brain tissues and delineating glioma margins during surgery. Here we present a highly sensitive, label-free teraher...