Parainfluenza viruses (PIV) are common respiratory viruses that belong to the Paramyxoviridae family. PIV infection can lead to a wide variety of clinical syndromes ranging from mild upper respiratory illness to severe pneumonia. Severe disease can be seen in elderly or chronically ill persons and may be fatal in persons with compromised immune systems, particularly children with severe combine...

The background-oriented schlieren (BOS) technique with the physicsbased optical flow method (OF-BOS) is developed for measuring the pressure field of a laser-induced underwater shock wave. Compared to BOS with the conventional cross-correlation method in PIV (called PIV-BOS), by using the OF-BOS, the displacement field generated by the small density gradient in water can be obtained at the spat...

The main purpose of the present work is to correct errors occurring in a stereoscopic PIV system and caused by misalignments between the calibration plane and the measurement plane. The experimental measurements have been conducted using an angular stereoscopic system with Scheimpflug conditions and a PIV-calibration pattern has been mounted on stages which can translate in three dimensions and...

In Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry (Stereo-PIV), the three velocity components are obtained by illuminating a planar region in the fl ow fi eld and recording the region of interest using two cameras at an angle. Calibration, planar velocity estimation, and velocity reconstruction are the three essential steps involved in the process. Earlier efforts to quantify the accuracy in a Stereo-...

The flow distribution in a silicon microchannel heat sink was studied using Infrared MicroParticle Image Velocimetry (IR PIV). The microchannel test piece consisted of seventy-six 110 m wide  371 m deep channels etched into a silicon substrate. Inlet and outlet manifolds, also etched into the substrate, were fed by 1.4 mm inner-diameter tubing ports. An image processing algorithm was develo...

This paper discusses the propagation of the instantaneous uncertainty of PIV measurements to statistical and instantaneous quantities of interest derived from the velocity field. The expression of the uncertainty of vorticity, velocity divergence, mean value and Reynolds stresses is derived. It is shown that the uncertainty of vorticity and velocity divergence requires the knowledge of the spat...

the technique used to control the airflow is based on the electro-hydrodynamic actuator which is also called plasma actuator. this actuator ensures the airflow control thanks to the electric wind created by the electrical corona discharge. this ionic wind is developed at the profile surface tangential to the initial free airflow so that it has a significant effect on the boundary layer flow. th...

Caveolin 1 (Cav-1) is an integral membrane protein that forms the coat structure of plasma membrane caveolae and regulates caveola-dependent functions. Caveolae are enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids and are related to lipid rafts. Many studies implicate rafts as sites of assembly and budding of enveloped virus. We show that Cav-1 colocalizes with the paramyxovirus parainfluenza virus 5 ...

In the present paper a study of the time dependent transonic flow field around a single compressor blade in a Laval nozzle is presented. For the investigation the PIV method has been employed because of its ability to deliver instantaneous flow field information across an illuminated plane with high spatial and temporal resolution. From these instantaneous PIV measurements the mean velocity fie...