While it is generally accepted that water hardness affects copper toxicity, the major ions that contribute to water hardness (calcium [Ca] and magnesium [Mg]) may affect copper toxicity differently. This is important because the Ca:Mg ratio in standard laboratory-reconstituted waters often differs from the ratio in natural surface waters. Copper toxicity was assessed for five different aquatic ...

Behavioural responses of invasive animals to biotic interactions can inform predictions of their consumptive impacts; however, such biotic contexts are often overlooked. Here, we assessed the interacting effect of conspecific and higher-order predation risk on the per capita consumption and behaviours of the invasive freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex, using field microcosm and video-recorded l...

Historically, small invertebrate grazers in marine plant communities have been considered to be a relatively homogeneous group in their impact on ecosystem processes. However, recent studies propose that species composition is an important agent in determining grazer effects. We used four mesocosm experiments to test the biomass-specific and density-dependent effects of common mesograzers in te...

The American ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi, recently found in Skagerrak off the Swedish west coast, carried parasitic anemone larvae identified as Edwardsiella sp. In Western Atlantic Ocean, M. leidyi are commonly infected by of lineata anemones. It was questioned whether came across with invasive ctenophore, or they belonged to native E. carnea However, recent molecular investigations and diffe...

We investigated the pattern of infection of Gammarus aequicauda (Amphipoda) with metacercariae of Levinseniella tridigitata (Trematoda: Microphallidae) in a natural lagoon. Prevalence was significantly higher in females than in males, whereas there was no difference between sexes in parasitic intensity. Despite the very large size of L. tridigitata metacercariae, the mean abundance increased wi...