Whether left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) activation during sentence comprehension reflects semantic integration or domain-general cognitive control remains unclear. To address this issue, 26 participants were presented with sentences word by word during fMRI scanning and were asked to perform two semantic tasks, one explicit (semantic congruency judgment) and one implicit (font size judgment)...

Word production proceeds through the processing stages of lemma selection, phonological word-form selection, and phoneme selection. We assessed whether each of these processing stages is subject to a central processing bottleneck, causing it to delay a concurrently performed task. Subjects named line-drawn pictures as they performed a three-tone auditory discrimination task. In Experiment 1, su...

The statistical analysis technique of correlation has extensively been used in second/ foreign language testing research for a variety of purposes. Most commonly, the technique has been used to validate newly constructed language tests (particularly cloze tests) against previous supposedly valid measures. Tests such validated are meant to substitute the older ones, and based on these newly vali...

Providing the first few letters of a missing word in a sentence gives information about this word. This paper attempts to measure the information transmitted in that case. In order to do so, we analyzed response accuracy for open cloze questions, that is fill-in-the-blank questions without multiple choice answers. In this study, native and non-native speakers of English answered a series of ope...

Cloze tests, also known as gap-fill exercises, are a popular tool for acquiring and evaluating language proficiency. A major challenge in the way of automating scoring of cloze tests is the yet unsolved problem of gap filler ambiguity. To address this challenge, we present the concept of bundled gap filling, along with (1) an efficient computational model for automatically generating unambiguou...

هدف: هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی و تبین مهارت‏های مورد نیاز مدیران دوره آموزش عمومی در رهبری مدارس دوران کرونا پساکرونا با توجه به تحولات ایجاد شده اثر این بحران است.مواد روش‏ها: از نظر کاربردی روش، کیفی نوع سنتزپژوهی است. قلمرو اصلی‏ترین منابع گردآوری داده‏ها، پژوهش‏های متعددی است که ارتباط مدرسه مجازی داخل خارج ایران انجام متناسب موضوعی پس رعایت ملاک‏های ورود خروج تعداد 47 نمونه انتخاب شدند. مراحل ...

Van Petten and Luka's (2012, International Journal of Psychophysiology, 83(2), 176-190) literature survey of late positive ERP components elicited by more or less predictable words during sentence processing led them to propose two topographically and functionally distinct positivities: a parietal one associated with semantically incongruent words related to semantic reanalysis and a frontal on...