so ker f ⊂ imh. Hence ker f = imh so the sequence is exact at the middle term. Further, f is injective since Z[X] is a domain, so left multiplication by any element is injective. Finally, h is surjective since the constant polynomials g = a have g(0) = a for every a ∈ Z. Therefore the sequence is exact. The sequence is split over R. The requisite map q : Z→ R so that h ◦ q = 1Z. It is clear tha...

210Po, a naturally occurring radioisotope that is ubiquitous in seawater, is especially enriched in proteinaceous tissues of marine organisms and may therefore be useful as a tracer of organic carbon flux in marine systems. Due in part to its biomagnification in marine food chains, 210Po provides the largest radiation dose to any organism under natural conditions. To better understand the exten...

© 2011 The Authors Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine © 2011 Foundation for Cellular and Molecular Medicine/Blackwell Publishing Ltd doi:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01370.x Hypoxia is a common feature in solid neoplastic microenvironment and a well-documented factor attributable to therapeutic failure in clinical oncology. Low oxygen availability also plays a central role in the pathogenes...

Friedreich's ataxia is a disease caused by a decrease in the levels of expression or loss of functionality of the mitochondrial protein frataxin (FXN). The development of an active and stable recombinant variant of FXN is important for protein replacement therapy. Although valuable data about the mature form FXN81-210 has been collected, not enough information is available about the conformatio...

Irreversible pulmonary fibrosis induced by paraquat (PQ) poisoning is the major cause of death in patients with PQ poisoning. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is postulated to be one of the main mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we investigated the role of miR-210 in PQ-induced EMT and its relationship with hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). Western blotting, immunofluoresce...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cannabinoids confer neuroprotection in several experimental paradigms, but the responsible mechanisms remain unknown. Therefore, we sought to examine whether the synthetic CB1 agonist HU-210 is capable of reducing ischemic damage and to determine the mechanisms responsible for such protection. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats underwent permanent middle cerebral artery occlus...

STUDY QUESTION What are the roles of the microRNA miR-210-an miRNA that is up-regulated in endometriotic cyst stromal cells (ECSCs)-in the pathogenesis of endometriosis? SUMMARY ANSWER Up-regulated miR-210 expression in ECSCs is involved in their proliferation, resistance to apoptosis and angiogenesis through signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY I...