Economics revolves around a central character: “economic man.” As historians, we are all familiar with various episodes in the history of this character, and we appreciate his ever-changing aspect even while many of our colleagues in economics think the rational economic agent of neoclassical economics is the same kind of person as Adam Smith’s economic man. The fact that this is a familiar his...

Editor's Note: Here's a disturbing statistic that made headlines this past January: The richest 85 people in the world now hold as much wealth as the poorest half. Keeping in mind the goal of closing the ever-widening gap between the haves and the have-nots, our author examines new research that ties family income level and other factors to brain development. While socioeconomic adversity may n...

A 32-year-old man was admitted in the Emergency Department with acute dyspnea secondary to spontaneous pneumothorax. He had history of spontaneous pneumothorax 2 years ago.He was active cigarette smoker (10 pack/year). The family history was unremarkable for lung diseases. Additionally, he had no systemic complaints.The lung HRCT revealed multiple bizarre-shaped cysts distributed in both lungs ...

the writer renders two views of the human charater from biological perspective. 1.that man is devoid of character. 1.1.the concept of man is discussed under broader notion of ©species¨.unlike philosophers, biologistes study all living things, they do not restrict themselves to man and the living things genetically related to him .also,they are concerned with real types. 1.2.upon the question th...

Background: Fasting is the Islamic worship of man in order to approach God.  There is a direct relationship between fasting, abstaining from eating and drinking, and man’s health as well as ill-health. Therefore, through fasting the religious and medical issues are interwoven with each other; so that man can maintain his physical heath by performing a religious worship. Findings: Medical propos...

Although radiology is one of the most recent branches in the world of science, yet during its brief existence of thirty-eight years it has become one of the basic structures in the realm of diagnosis and has a specific assignment from a therapeutic standpoint in the cure and alleviation of symptoms of diseases which formerly were considered incurable and beyond the scope of medical knowledge. T...

Mohammad-Karim Pirnia, one of the most prominent scholars of the history of Iranian architecture, has recorded two major achievements: the principles of Iranian architecture and the stylistics of Iranian architecture. In this article we will discuss his suggested principles for Iranian architecture. For this purpose, we will first show how his five principles have evolved and completed th...