Introduction: Breast conserving radiotherapy is one of the most common procedures performed in any radiation oncology department. A tangential parallel-opposed pair is usually used for this purpose. This technique is performed using 2D or 3D treatment planning systems. The aim of this study was to compare 2D treatment planning with 3D treatment planning in tangential irradiation in breast conse...

lack of trust is one of the key bottle necks in e-commerce development. nowadays many advanced technologies are trying to address the trust issues in e-commerce. one among them suggests using suitable user interfaces. this paper investigates the functionality and capabilities of 3d graphical user interfaces in regard to trust building in the customers of next generation of b2c e-commerce websit...

3D printers are tools utilized to create real 3D samples using the 3D files within your computer. The first feasibility and idea of such tools dates back to 1950. The very first sketch of 3D printers was presented in 1980s called "Rapid Prototyping" and the first sample was developed by Charles Hall and it was recorded with the name of the same scientist. But the current 3D printers were fi...

Planar and 3-dimensional (3D) buried-channel InGaAs metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) have been experimentally demonstrated at deep-submicron gate lengths. The effect of (NH4)2 S passivation with different concentrations (20%, 10%, or 5%) on the off-state performance of these devices has been systematically studied. 10% (NH4)2 S treatment is found to yield the optimiz...

Background: Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) techniques are used for the treatment of patients with laryngeal cancer. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of these 2 treatment techniques on the planning target volume (PTV) (laryngeal cancer), dose homogeneity, dose of organs at...

Introduction For bone tissue engineering various scaffolds may be used, among which hydroxyapatite and tri-calcium phosphate (HA-TCP) ceramics are good candidates. Previous investigations have shown that human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) seeded on small HA-TCP particles could form three dimensional (3D) constructs beneficial for osteoblastic differentiation in vitro [1]. However, within thes...

3D shape perception in a stereoscopic movie depends on several depth cues, including stereopsis. For a given content, the depth perceived from stereopsis highly depends on the camera setup as well as on the display size and distance. This can lead to disturbing depth distortions such as the cardboard effect or the puppet theater effect. As more and more stereoscopic 3D content is produced in 3D...

a thorough recognition of the nature and duties of the genes is based upon having adequate information about the proteins. however, the proteomic projects follow a slow trend; therefore, solving the protein-related problems has become as one of the most important challenges in bio-informatics. consequently, the presence of tools which can enhance the structural recognition, classification, and ...