Low vitamin D status is considered as a risk factor for breast cancer and has prognostic significance. Furthermore, vitamin D deficiency increases after adjuvant cancer therapy, which alters bone metabolism increasing the risk of osteoporosis. It is now postulated that vitamin D supplementation in breast cancer treatment delays the recurrence of cancer thereby extending survival. We evaluated t...

BACKGROUND As therapies for systemic cancer improve and patients survive longer, the risk for brain metastases increases. We evaluated whether immune mechanisms are involved in the development of brain metastasis. METHODS We conducted our studies using BALB/c mice bearing syngeneic 4T1 mammary adenocarcinoma cells in the mammary gland. RESULTS The brains of mice bearing 4T1 tumors at day 14...

objective: azadirachta indica (neem) has been used traditionally for many centuries. some impressive therapeutic qualities have been discovered. however, the therapeutic effect of neem leaf extract in 4t1 breast cancer has not been documented. the purpose of the present study is to investigate the therapeutic effect of ethanolic neem leaf extract in an in vivo 4t1 breast cancer model in mice. m...

The murine breast cancer cells (4T1) grown both in female BALB/c mice and in culture were treated with anastrozole (50 $\mu$ g/mL), tamoxifen citrate (5 $\mu$ g/mL), and the combination of the two drugs in order to determine treatment efficacies, toxic potential, and the mechanism of cell death. The in vivo treatments were evaluated by monitoring tumor growth, development, and life span. The in...

Cancers adversely affect organismal physiology. To date, the genes within a patient responsible for systemically spreading cancer-induced physiological disruption remain elusive. To identify host genes responsible for transmitting disruptive, cancer-driven signals, we thoroughly analyzed the transcriptome of a suite of host organs from mice bearing 4T1 breast cancer, and discovered complexly re...

Cancer vaccines are an effective way to prevent the occurrence of cancer. Epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 8 (Eps8) is a novel tumor-associated antigen, which is overexpressed in the majority of tumor types. In the present study, the Eps8 protein was cloned and characterized, and its feasibility as an antitumor agent in murine breast carcinoma was investigated. The results rev...

Metastasis is the main cause of death in breast cancer patients. Inflammatory processes following crosstalk between tumor cells and tumor microenvironment play an important role in progression and metastasis of cancer. Hence, targeting of these interactions may represent a novel promising strategy for breast cancer therapy. So, we investigated the effects of β-D mannuronic acid (BDM), a new ant...

Mechanisms by which tumors evade immune surveillance remain to be addressed. In our previous study, we reported that murine mammary tumor (4T1) cells secrete immunosuppressive soluble factor(s), which was identified to be a 10-100 kDa protein. In the current study, we report that analysis of the proteins in the active fractions revealed the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CS...

Long-term survival of patients with breast cancer remains poor, due to metastasis and recurrence. We investigated the effects of a novel nutrient mixture (NM) containing ascorbic acid, lysine, proline and green tea extract in vitro and in vivo on 4T1 murine breast cancer, a representative model for metastatic breast cancer. After one week of isolation, 5-6-week-old female Balb/C mice were inocu...

Modifying the sense strand of nuclease-resistant siRNA with 3'-cholesterol (Chol-*siRNA) increases mRNA suppression after i.v. administration but with relatively low efficacy. We previously found evidence in vitro that suggests complexation of Chol-siRNA with PLL-PEG(5K), a block copolymer of poly-l-lysine and 5 kDa polyethylene glycol, may increase the efficacy of Chol-siRNA in vivo in a PLL b...