Since 2005, state legislatures have passed hundreds of immigration bills, and state officials have argued that their efforts attempt to solve immigration crises caused by federal inaction. The state–federal clash over immigration seems to confirm scholarship suggesting deepening lines of conflict in the federal system since the 1990s. The question remains, however, whether this explosion in sta...

In this study two combined mutation operators have been developed to increase the performance of Genetic Algorithm that helps to find the minimum cost in the known Travelling Salesman problem (TSP).In order to do this the combined mutation operators which are named as Inverted Exchange and Inverted Displacement are compared with four existing mutation operators. These are programmed in C++ and ...

This paper explores the former Eastern Bloc’s (primarily the GDR and the Soviet Union) supremacy in developing elite sporting excellence and traces the ‘ow’ of elements of such systems to selected Western nation-states. The national elite sport development systems discussed in the West are: Europe (UK, France and Spain), North America (Canada, United States) and Australia. A tentative conceptu...

The authors present a novel approach for image representation based on geometric distribution of edge pixels. Object segmentation is not needed, therefore the input image may consist of several complex objects. For an efficient description of an arbitrary edge image, the edge map is divided into M £ N angular radial partitions and local features are extracted for these partitions. The entire im...