the expansion of shiite activities in iraq and its development through sunni nomads is one of the main issues involved ottoman governors in the second half of the nineteenth century, during the reign of abd al-hamid ii. (1876-1909). numerous real or unreal reports about the political and cultural risks of these activities were sent by officials of baghdad to bab-i ali in istanbul, forced the ce...

at the beginning of 20th century, psychology got a special status in contemporary criticism (or critical approaches) through the theories of freud and jung. literary works were being criticized by such approaches on the basis of the text sender (author or poet), after a while, with the rise of other psychological schools – such as gestalt- they started to be criticized on the basis of their inf...