Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is bacterial cell wall component capable of inducing osteoclast formation and pathological bone resorption. Muramyl dipeptide (MDP), the minimal essential structural unit responsible for the immunological activity of peptidoglycans, is ubiquitously expressed by bacterium. In this study, we investigated the effect of MDP in LPS-induced osteoclast formation and bone resor...

bone scanning using the 99mtc-phosphate analogs is an established diagnostic modality and a commonly requested radioisotope examination for a variety of pathologies involving the skeleton, such as osteomyelitis, bony metastases, and occult fractures. the bone scan is one of the most commonly requested procedure in most nuclear medicine department. the images show areas of increased and decrease...

Recently, some studies have utilized the Markov Decision Process for diversifying (MDP-DIV) the search results in information retrieval. Though promising performances can be delivered, MDP-DIV suffers from a very slow convergence, which hinders its usability in real applications. In this paper, we aim to promote the performance of MDPDIV by speeding up the convergence rate without much accuracy...

UNLABELLED The supraclavicular region is a common site for lymph node metastases. A commonly reported type of nonmalignant (18)F-FDG uptake on PET imaging in the supraclavicular region is "muscle uptake" purportedly due to muscle contraction in tense patients during the (18)F-FDG uptake phase. PET/CT offers the unique opportunity to correlate PET findings with CT anatomy in the supraclavicular ...

Studies were carried out to determine whether treatment of mice with the synthetic adjuvant muramyl dipeptide (MDP) afforded any resistance to infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Regardless of the timing, dose, or route of administration, there was no evidence that treatment with either MDP or two of its analogs (des-MDP or MDP-D-D) induced any resistance to listeria infection in BALB/c, CBA...

A new translation from Partially Observable MDP into Fully Observable MDP is described here. Unlike the classical translation, the resulting problem state space is finite, making MDP solvers able to solve this simplified version of the initial partially observable problem: this approach encodes agent beliefs with fuzzy measures over states, leading to an MDP whose state space is a finite set of...

6-O-acyl-muramyldipeptides (MDP) with various lengths of fatty acid chains were examined for their dendritic cell (DC) maturation activity expressed through TLRs. Judging from anti-TLR mAb/inhibitor-blocking analysis, MDP derivatives with a single octanoyl or stearoyl fatty acid chain were found to activate TLR2 and TLR4 on human DCs, although intact and diacylated MDP expressed no ability to a...

N-Acetylmuramyi-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (muramyl dipeptide, MDP) 1 was shown (1) to be the minimal and essential s t ructure requi red for adjuvant activity o f bacterial cell wall peptidoglycans. Fur ther , MDP has been found to possess various biological activities, o ther than adjuvant activity, that are exer ted by bacterial cell wall peptidoglycans. Since MDP is such a potent immunomodula ...

As the proportion of adult orthodontic treatment increases, mainly for aesthetic reasons, orthodontic brackets are directly attached to yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) restorations. This, study analyzed the shear bond strength (SBS) between various surface treated Y-TZP and orthodontic metal brackets. The Y-TZP specimens were conditioned by 110 μm Al₂O₃ sandblasting, o...

The adjuvant muramyl dipeptide (MDP) has been shown to affect a number of macrophage functions in vitro. We studied the effect of subcutaneous injection of MDP into mice. Cultured peritoneal macrophages from treated mice displayed increased spreading, total cell protein, and specific activity of beta-glucosaminidase a constituent of macrophage lysosomes, and of lactate dehydrogenase. Generation...